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TIN  PROSE  EXERCISE! 


Ji     8    1911 
GIFT 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

©IFT    OF 

-JL... 


Class 


LATIN    PROSE    EXERCISES 


Latin  Prose  Exercises 


FOR 


SECOND    YEAR    WORK 


BY 


ELIZABETH    McJIMSEY    TYNG,    A.M. 


Packer  Collegiate  Institute 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


LONGMANS,     GREEN,     AND     CO. 

91  AND  93  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK 

LONDON,    BOMBAY,    AND    CALCUTTA 

1909 


JUL    8   191, 


Copyright,   1909 

EY 

LONGMANS,   GREEN,   AND   CO. 


tftlye  j&atntifit  $ress 
Jtobert  Ptwinmonb  anb  Company 


PREFACE 


THIS  manual  is  the  result  of  the  writer's  own  experiments 
for  the  past  four  years  and  has  been  used  for  two  years  in 
all  the  Caesar  classes  (thirteen  in  all)  at  Packer  Collegiate 
Institute. 

It  claims  to  have  have  the  following  recommendations: 

1.  It  includes  all   constructions  necessary  for  translating 
Caesar. 

2.  It  aims  to  supplement  the  work  of  the  teacher  in  helping 
students  to  understand  what  each  construction  really  means. 

3.  It  introduces  Indirect  Discourse  early,  and  by  gradual 
steps  takes  up  all  the  fundamental  principles  during  the  first 
half  year;  so  that  students  have  constant  opportunity  to  apply 
these    principles,    and    are    thereby    enabled    to    handle    the 
Indirect  Discourse  in  Caesar  much  more  intelligently. 

4.  It    furnishes    constant    review,    as    no    construction    is 
dropped  for  more  than  four  successive  lessons. 

5.  The  vocabulary  is  selected  on  the  basis  of  the  "Vocab- 
ulary of  High  School  Latin/ '  by  Professor  Gonzalez  Lodge.' 

The  following  method  of  use  has  been  found  successful: 
Prose  is  recited  daily  at  the  beginning  of  each  recitation 
period.  The  average  lesson  in  this  manual  is  divided  into 
four  parts  to  be  studied  on  four  successive  days.  On  the 
first  day  the  examples  and  notes  are  discussed  thoroughly; 
then  the  vocabulary  and  the  oral  exercise  with  one  written 
sentence  are  assigned  for  home  study.  On  the  second  day 

v 

217311 


vi  PREFACE 

each  sentence  assigned  is  discussed  in  detail  and  translated 
orally,  first  part  by  part,  then  as  a  whole.  Frequently  the 
translation  is  written  on  the  board.  Three  of  the  written 
sentences  are  then  assigned  to  be  prepared  for  the  next  day. 
On  the  third  day  the  first  written  sentence  is  handed  in  and 
the  sentences  assigned  for  advance  work  are  treated  as  on 
the  previous  day.  On  the  fourth  day  the  three  sentences 
studied  the  day  before  are  handed  in;  the  last  two,  which  have 
been  previously  assigned,  are  translated  as  the  others  have 
been;  and  the  notes  and  examples  of  the  next  lesson  are  dis- 
cussed. Each  exercise  handed  in,  if  it  contains  errors,  is 
handed  back  to  the  writer  for  correction. 

This  method  has  the  decided  advantage  of  not  permitting 
the  student  to  write  until  there  is  a  reasonable  certainty  that 
the  sentence  is  understood.  It  is  much  slower  at  first  but 
trains  the  students  to  work  quickly  and  intelligently  and  to 
apply  to  their  translation  the  principles  learned  in  their  prose. 
In  this  way  considerable  facility  is  gained  in  translation  and 
time  is  actually  saved  in  the  end.  It  has  been  found  possible 
to  cover  the  entire  manual  and  read  four  books  of  Caesar  in 
a  year  with  recitation  periods  of  only  thirty-five  minutes  in 
length. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Miss  Agnes 
Post  and  Miss  Alice  Van  Vliet  of  Packer  Collegiate  Institute, 
and  in  particular  to  Professor  Nelson  Glenn  McCrea  of 
Columbia  University. 


TABLE   OF    CONTENTS 


PAGE 

1.  Accusative  of  Direct  Object i 

2.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object 3 

3.  Predicate  Noun  and  Adjective 5 

4.  Infinitive  without  Subject 7 

5.  Accusative  as  Subject  of  Infinitive 9 

6.  Relative  Clauses 1 1 

7.  Accusative  of  Extent 14 

8.  Ablative  of  Time  When 16 

9.  Ablative  of  Time  Within  Which 17 

10.  Ablative  of  Agent 19 

11.  Ablative  of  Means 21 

12.  Ablative  of  Cause 23 

13.  Adverbial  Clauses  of  Purpose 25 

14.  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose 28 

15.  Ablative  of  Quality 30 

16.  Genitive  of  Quality  . 32 

17.  Substantive  Volitive  Clauses 34 

18.  Commands  in  Indirect  Discourse 37 

19.  Sequence  of  Tenses.     Indirect  Questions 40 

20.  Dependent  Clauses  in  Indirect  Discourse 46 

21.  Reflexives 49 

22.  Review  of  Indirect  Discourse 52 

23.  Ablative  Absolute 54 

24.  Ablative  of  Comparison 56 

25.  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference 59 

26.  Dative  of  Purpose 61 

27.  Dative  of  Agent 63 

vii 


yiii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

28.  Dative  of  Possession 65 

29.  Gerund  and  Gerundive 66 

30.  Ablatives  of  Accompaniment  and  Attendant  Circumstance.  69 

31.  Ablative  of  Specification 72 

32.  Ablative  of  Manner ,  74 

33.  Genitive  of  the  Whole 76 

34.  Genitive  and  Dative  with  Adjectives 78 

35.  Causal  Clauses  introduced  by  Cum 80 

36.  Causal  Clauses  introduced  by  Quod 82 

37.  Adversative  Clauses  introduced  bv  Cum  and  Quamquam.  .  84 

38.  Temporal  Clauses  introduced  by  Cum 87 

39.  Temporal  Clauses  introduced  by  Postquam,  Ut,  Ubi 89 

40.  Temporal  Clauses  Introduced  by  Dum 91 

41.  Substantive  Clauses  introduced  by  Quod 93 

42.  Adverbial  Clauses  of  Result 95 

43.  Substantive  Result  Clauses 98 

44.  Verbs  of  Fearing 99 

SUMMARY  OF  CONSTRUCTIONS 103 

WORDS  GOVERNING  SPECIAL  CONSTRUCTIONS 106 

VOCABULARY  .  .  .in 


INTRODUCTION  FOR  STUDENTS 


1.  Before  trying  to  translate  a  sentence  into  Latin,  read 
it  very  carefully. 

2.  Be  sure  that  you  know  all  the  Latin  words  that  you  are 
going  to  use. 

3.  Remember  that  all  English  words  are  not  represented 
in  the  Latin;    for  instance,  I  was  doing  is  to  be  translated 
by  faciebam;    I  am  about   to    do,    by   facturus   sum   and 
by  means  of  simply  shows  the  construction  that  you  are  to 
use. 

4.  When  you  know  your  vocabulary,  you  must  think  very 
carefully  what  idea  is  expressed  by  each  English  word  (or 
group  of  words).     In  this  you  must  be  very  careful  not  to 
decide  in  too  much  of  a  hurry,  for  frequently  the  English 
words  will  mislead  you. 

5.  Be  careful  about  the  English  Infinitive: 

(a)  Sometimes  it  is  translated  by  a  Latin  Infinitive. 
I  wish  to  do  it — Volo  id  facere. 

(b)  Sometimes  it  is  translated    by  an  Adverbial  Purpose 
Clause. 

He  set  out  to  conquer  Gaul — Profectus  est  ut  Galliam 
superaret. 

(c)  Sometimes  it  is  translated  by  a  Relative  Purpose  Clause, 

He  sent  soldiers  to  storm  the  fort — Mllites  qui  castel- 
lum  oppugnarent  misit. 

he 


x  INTRODUCTION  FOR  STUDENTS 

(d)  Sometimes  it  is  translated  by  a  Gerund  (or  Gerundive). 
An  opportunity  to  fight — Facultas  pugnandi. 

6.  There  is  a  certain  word  order  that  you  should  keep  in 
your  Latin  sentence: 

(a)  The  subject  is  first  and  the  verb  at  the  end. 

(b)  A  Genitive  and  an  appositive  usually  follow  the  words 
on  which  they  depend. 

(c)  Adjectives    usually    precede;      but    Romanus    always 
follows. 

(d)  When  you  have  an  adjective  and  Genitive  modifying 
the  same  noun,  the  order  is  often  (1)  Adjective;    (2)   Geni- 
tive; (3)  Noun. 

(e)  When  you  have  a  preposition  governing  a  noun  that  is 
modified  by  an  adjective  the  order  is  often  (1)   Adjective;   (2) 
Preposition;  (3)  Noun. 

(b)  Relative   and   Interrogative   Pronouns   and   Adjectives 
stand  first  in  their  clause. 

7.  The   words   in   each   clause   should   not   be   separated. 
There  is  an  apparent  exception  to  this  when  a  dependent 
clause  stands  between  the  parts  of  a  principal  clause;    but 
this  is  not  a  real  exception,  for  the  dependent  clause  is  really 
a  part  of  the  principal  clause. 

8.  In  writing  a  Latin  sentence,  never  put  more  than  two 
verbs  together  at  the  end.     If  you  find  you  are  going  to  do 
this,  rearrange  your  sentence. 

9.  Words  in  parenthesis  are  not  to  be  translated. 


LIST   OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


A.  Allen  &  Greenough's  Latin  Grammar. 
Abl.  Ablative. 

Ace.  Accusative, 

adj.  adjective, 

adv.  adverb. 

B.  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar. 
Dat.  Dative. 

f.  feminine. 

G.  Gildersleeve-Lodge's  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools. 

gen.  Genitive. 

H.  Harkness'  Latin  Grammar. 

indec.  indeclinable. 

int.  intransitive,  interrogative. 

lit.  literally. 

m.  masculine. 

n.  neuter. 

obj.  object. 

poss.  possessive. 

pi.  plural. 

prep.  preposition. 

Subs.  Vol.  Cl.  Substantive  Volitive  Clause. 

tr.  transitive. 

xi 


OF  THE 

|(  UNIVERSITY 

OF 


LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

FOR  SECOND   YEAR  WORK 


LESSON  I 
ACCUSATIVE   OF   DIRECT   OBJECT 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  172.  A.  387,  a,  b. 

G.  330,  216.  H.  404,  2. 

EXAMPLES 

The  Garumna  River  separates  the  Gauls  from  the  Aqui- 
tanians.  Gallos  ab  Aquitanis  Garumna  flumen  dividit. 
B.  G.  1:1. 

And  they  are  next  to  the  Germans  with  whom  they  carry 
on  war.  Proximique  sunt  Germanis  quibuscum  bellum 
gerunt.  B.G.I:!. 

He  sent  messengers  to  the  Lingones.  Ad  Lingonas  nun- 
tios  misit.  B.  G.  1:26. 

Messengers  were  sent  to  Caesar.  Nuntii  ad  Caesarem 
mittebantur.  B.  G.  1:45. 


2  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

NOTES 

The  Accusative  of  the  Direct  Object  names  the  person  or 
thing  directly  affected  by  the  action  expressed  by  the  verb. 

An  Accusative  of  Direct  Object  cannot  be  used  with  a  verb 
that  does  not  express  action. 

The  Direct  Object  of  the  Active  Voice  becomes  the  Subject 
of  the  Passive  Voice. 


VOCABULARY 

all,  every,  omnis,  omne. 

army,  exercituo,  exercitus,  m.  (exerceo,  train). 

carry  on,  wage,  gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestum,  tr. 

enemy,  hostis,  hostis,  m.     PL  hostes,  the  enemy. 

follow,  sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  tr. 

in,  in  (with  Abl.). 

into,  in  (with  Ace.). 

lead,  consider,  duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum,  tr. 

long,  for  a  long  time,  diu. 

near,  prope  (adv.),  propior,  proximus  (adj.). 

not,  non  (always  immediately  before  the  word  it  modifies). 

to,  toward,  near,  ad  (with  Ace.). 

town,  oppidum,  oppidi,  n. 

war,  bellum,  belli,  n. 

with,  cum  (with  Abl.). 


ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  I  shall  follow  the  enemy.  2.  We  have  followed  the  enemy. 
3.  The  army  is  being  led  into  Gaul.  4.  The  enemy  will  be 
led  into  the  town.  5.  You  have  led  the  army.  6.  We  are 
waging  war.  7.  War  is  being  waged.  8.  War  had  been 
waged.  9.  We  were  leading  the  army  into  the  town.  10. 
The  enemy  had  followed  the  army. 


DATIVE  OF  INDIRECT  OBJECT  3 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  All  the  Romans  waged  war  with  the  Helvetians.  2. 
Caesar  will  lead  his  army  into  the  nearest  town.  3.  The 
army  will  be  led  into  the  nearest  town.  4.  I  have  not  followed 
the  enemy  into  the  town.  5.  For  a  long  time  we  were  follow- 
ing the  army  of  the  enemy  toward  the  nearest  town.  6.  You 
are  waging  war  with  the  enemy. 


LESSON  II 
DATIVE   OF   INDIRECT   OBJECT 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  187,  I,  II,  III.  A.  362,  366,  367,  370. 

G.  345,  346,  347.  H.  424,  425,  1;  426,  1;  429. 

EXAMPLES 

And  he  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage.  Eique  filiam 
suam  in  matrimonium  dat.  B.  G.  1:3. 

Dumnorix  was  in  charge  of  the  cavalry.  Equitatui  Dum- 
norix  praeerat.  B.  G.  1:18. 

Because  an  opportunity  for  flight  was  given  to  the  rest, 
or.  Because  the  rest  were  given  an  opportunity  for  flight. 
Quod  reliquis  fugae  facultas  daretur.  B.  G.  1:32. 

Orgetorix  persuaded  the  citizens  to  go  out.  Orgetorix 
civitati  persuasit  ut  exirent.  B.  G.  1:2. 

NOTES 

The  Dative  of  Indirect  Object  is  used  to  name  the  person 
or  thing  that  is  indirectly  affected  by  the  action  or  state 
expressed  by  the  verb. 


4  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

It  is  used  sometimes  with  a  Direct  Object  and  sometimes 
as  the  only  object. 

The  Indirect  Object  is  used  with  both  the  Active  and  the 
Passive  Voice. 

In  English  the  Indirect  Object  of  a  verb  in  the  Active  Voice 
sometimes  becomes  the  Subject  of  the  same  verb  in  the  Passive 
Voice;  but  it  is  impossible  to  translate  such  a  sentence  liter- 
ally into  Latin.  In  Latin  the  Indirect  Object  remains  the 
same  and  only  a  Direct  Object  can  become  the  Subject  of  a 
verb  in  the  Passive  Voice. 

In  Latin  the  Dative  of  Indirect  Object  is  used  with  many 
verbs  meaning  command,  obey,  resist,  believe,  persuade,  etc., 
also  with  many  verbs  compounded  with  the  oppositions  ad, 
in,  ob,  prae,  etc. 

VOCABULARY 

be  in  charge  of,  praesum,  praeesse,  praefui,  int.  (prae+sum). 
brave,  fortis,  forte. 

bravely,  fortiter. 
give  over,   surrender,   trado,  tradere,   tradidi,   traditum,  tr. 

(trans + do). 

hostage,  obses,  obsidis,  m.  (obsideo,  lit.,  sit  against), 
legion,  legio,  legionis,  f.  (lego,  gather), 
lieutenant,    ambassador,    legatus,    legatl,    m.   (lego,    appoint 

legally), 
often,  saepe. 
put  over,  praeficio,  praeficere,  praefeci,  praefectum,  tr. 

(prae+facio). 
principal,  prmceps,  prmcipis  (primus +capio). 

principal  man,  leader,  prmceps. 

resist,  resisto,  resistere,  restiti,  int.  (re+sisto,  stand), 
surrender,  ded6,  dedere,  dedidi,  deditum,  tr.  (de+do). 
ten,  decem. 
tenth,  decimus,  decima,  decimum. 


PREDICATE  NOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES  5 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  They  have  given  over  hostages  to  the  lieutenant.  2. 
Hostages  have  been  given  over  to  the  lieutenant.  3.  We 
have  put  the  lieutenant  over  the  legion.  4.  The  lieutenant 
will  be  put  over  the  legion.  5.  The  lieutenant  will  be  in 
charge  of  the  legion.  6.  The  leading  men  were  resisting  the 
enemy. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  For  a  long  time  Caesar  was  in  charge  of  the  Roman 
army.  2.  Caesar  put  a  brave  lieutenant  over  the  tenth  legion. 

3.  A  brave  lieutenant  was  often  put  over  the  tenth  legion. 

4.  The  Helvetians  will  give  over  their  leading  men  to  the 
lieutenants  as  hostages.     5.  Ten  leading  men  of  the  Helve- 
tians will  be  given  over  to  the  lieutenants  as  hostages.     6. 
I  did  not  resist  the  enemy  bravely.     7.  I  shall  put  ten  of 
(lit.  from)  the  leading  men  in  charge  of  the  town.     8.  We  have 
often  given  over  many  hostages  to  the  enemy. 


LESSON  III 
PREDICATE  NOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  166,  168,  167.  A.  392,  393,  0;  284. 

G.  340,  R.  1.  H.  410,  1. 

EXAMPLES 

This  district  was  called  Tigurinus.  Is  p^gus  appellabatur 
Tigurmus.  B.  G.  1:12. 

Among  the  Helvetians  Orgetorix  was  by  far  the  noblest. 
Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  fuit  Orgetorix.  B.  G.  1 : 2. 


6  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

He  had  called  himself  commander.  Imperatorem  se 
appellaverat.  B.  C.  111:31. 

NOTES 

A  Predicate  Noun  or  Adjective  completes  a  verb  and  refers 
usually  either  to  the  Subject  or  to  the  Direct  Object. 

The  Predicate  is  always  in  the  same  case  as  the  word  to 
which  it  refers.  If  it  completes  a  Transitive  Verb  in  the 
Active  Voice,  it  refers  to  the  Direct  Object  and  is  in  the  Accu- 
sative. If  it  completes  a  Transitive  Verb  in  the  Passive  Voice 
or  an  Intransitive  Verb,  it  refers  to  the  Subject  and  is  in  the 
Nominative. 

VOCABULARY 

and  so,  itaque. 

be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,  int. 

call,  appello,  appellare,    appellavi,  appellatum,  tr. 

field,  country,  ager,  agrl,  m. 

good,  bonus,  bona,  bonum. 

have,  consider,  habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitum,  tr. 

leader,  commander,  dux,  ducis,  m.  (duco). 

make,  do,  facio,  facere,  feel,  factum,  tr. 

man,  homo,  hominis,  m. 

vir,  viri,  m. 

province,  provincia,  provinciae,  f. 
river,  flumen,  fluminis,  n.  (fluo,  flow), 
soldier,  miles,  militis,  m. 
that,   ille,  ilia,  illud. 
this,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 
through,  per  (with  Ace.). 

'•.';• 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  You  are  a  good  leader.  2.  This  man  will  be  a  good 
commander.  3.  We  shall  consider  him  a  good  soldier.  4. 


INFINITIVE  WITHOUT  SUBJECT  7, 

He  will  be  considered  a  good  soldier.     5.  They  called  this 
province  Gaul.     6.  This  province  was  called  Gaul. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  These  soldiers  will  make  that  man  general.  2.  This 
river  has  long  been  called  the  Rhine.  3.  Those  soldiers  had 
been  considered  good  men.  4.  You  have  made  that  man 
commander.  5.  I  do  not  consider  that  lieutenant  a  brave 
soldier.  6.  All  the  Romans  called  this  province  Gaul.  7. 
This  leader  was  a  good  man,  and  so  he  was  put  in  charge 
of  the  province.  8.  That  commander  was  a  brave  man,  and 
so  he  led  the  tenth  legion  through  the  country  of  the  Helve- 
tians into  the  province. 


LESSON  IV 
INFINITIVE  WITHOUT  SUBJECT 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  328,  1.  A.  456. 

G.  423,  1.  H.  607. 

EXAMPLES 

He  did  not  dare  to  entrust  his  safety  to  the  cavalry  of  the 
Gauls.     Neque  salutem  suam  Gallorum  equitatui  commit-  f 
tereuau  debat.     B.  G.  1:42. 

They  began  to  leave  camp.     Ex  castris  discedere  coepe- 
runt.     B.  G.  4:30. 

They  tried  to  lead  part  of  their  troops  across.      Partem 
suarum  copiarum  traducere  conatl  sunt.     B.  G.  11:9. 

He  began  to  follow  them.     E6s  sequi  coepit,     B.  G,  I: 
26, 


8  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

NOTES 

The  Infinitive  is  a  Verbal  Noun  and  must  always  be  used 
like  a  noun. 

.   It  takes  the  same  kind  of  object  and  modifiers  as  any  other 
part  of  the  verb. 

It  is  frequently  used  as  Direct  Object. 

The  Infinitive  is  used  with  no  subject  expressed,  as  Direct 
Object  of  many  verbs  when  the  subject  if  expressed  would  be 
the  same  as  the  subject  of  the  principal  verb.  Usually  only 
the  Present  Infinitive  is  so  used. 

VOCABULARY 

be  able,  can,  possum,  posse,  potui,  tr.  (potis,  able+sum). 
cavalry,  equitatus,  equitatus,  m.  (equito,  ride), 
centurion,  centurio,  centurionis,  m.  (centum), 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  peditis,  m.  (pes,  foot). 

infantry,  pedites,  peditum. 
horseman,  eques,  equitis,  m.  (equus,  horse). 

cavalry,  equites,  equitum. 
meanwhile,  interdum. 

interea  (inter.) 
interim  (inter.) 

much,  multus,  multa,  multum.     PL,  many, 
our,  noster,  nostra,  nostrum, 
out  of,  from,  ex,  e,  (with  Abl.). 
struggle,  fight,  hasten,  contends,  contendere,  contend!,  con- 

tentum,  tr.  (com+tendo,  stretch.) 
undertake,  Instituo,  Instituere,  institui,  institutum,  tr.  (in+ 

statuo,  place), 
wish,  vol6,  velle,  volui,  tr. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  The  infantry  can  resist  the   cavalry  bravely.     2.  The 
lieutenant  hastens  to  lead  the  army  into  the  town.     3.  Our 


ACCUSATIVE  AS  SUBJECT  OF  THE  INFINITIVE         9 

(men)  wish  to  put  the  leader  over  the  town.  4.  We  will 
hasten  to  lead  the  cavalry  out  of  the  town.  5.  You  wish  to 
be  in  charge  of  the  cavalry.  6.  You  wished  to  be  considered 
a  good  soldier. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Caesar  will  undertake  to  lead  his  army  into  this  province. 
2.  I  could  not  fight  with  the  cavalry  near  the  town.  3. 
Meanwhile  many  (of  the)  infantry  hastened  to  follow  the 
cavalry  of  the  enemy.  4.  Meanwhile  all  the  centurions 
wished  to  follow  the  infantry  to  the  nearest  town.  5.  For  a 
long  time  the  Helvetians  have  been  wishing  to  resist  our 
cavalry.  6.  Many  (of  the)  centurions  will  not  be  able  to 
follow  the  enemy  through  the  country  of  the  Helvetians. 


LESSON  V 
ACCUSATIVE    AS    SUBJECT    OF    THE    INFINITIVE 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  184;  331,  1.  A.  459,  580,  584. 

G.  420,  527,  530.  H.  415,  642,  617. 

EXAMPLES 

The  ambassadors  said  that  they  would  report  these  state- 
ments to  their  fellow-countrymen.  Legati  haec  se  ad  suos 
relaturos  dixerunt.  B.  G.  IV:  9. 

All  these  men  uniformly  reported  that  bands  were  being 
collected.  HI  constanter  omnes  nuntiaverunt  manus  cogi. 
B.  G.  11:2. 

Through  scouts  Caesar  was  informed  that  the  Helvetians 
had  already  led  three  fourths  of  their  troops  across  this  river. 
Per  exploratores  Caesar  certior  factus  est  tres  jam  partes 
copiarum  Helvetios  id  flumen  traduxisse.  B.  G.  1:12. 


10  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

NOTES 

The  Accusative  and  Infinitive  occur  most  frequently  as 
Direct  Object  of  verbs  of  saying,  thinking,  knowing,  perceiv- 
ing, and  the  like.  With  these  verbs  the  Accusative  and 
Infinitive  are  used  to  express  an  Indirect  Statement;  that  is, 
a  statement  in  Indirect  Discourse. 

The  tenses  of  the  Infinitive  never  denote  time  of  themselves, 
but  merely  denote  time  with  reference  to  the  verb  on  which 
they  depend;  that  is,  they  do  not  denote  real  time;  but 
merely  relative  time.  The  Present  Infinitive  always  denotes 
relatively  present  time;  the  Perfect  Infinitive,  relatively  past 
time;  and  the  Future  Infinitive,  relatively  future  time.  In 
the  first  example,  the  Infinitive  denotes  relatively  future  time ; 
in  the  second,  relatively  present  time;  in  the  third,  relatively 
past  time.  They  all  denote  real  past  time  because  the  main 
verb  in  each  sentence  is  past. 

VOCABULARY 

announce,  nuntio,  nuntiare,  nuntiavi,  nuntiatum,  tr.  (novus). 

arms,  arma,  armorum,  n. 

camp,  castra,  castrorum,  n.  (castrum,  fortress). 

cohort,  cohors,  cohortis,  f. 

hear,  audio,  audlre,  audivi,  auditum,  tr. 

immediately,  statim  (sto,  stand). 

new,  novus,  nova,  novum. 

promise,  polliceor,  polliceri,  pollicitus  sum,  tr. 

say,  died,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum,  tr. 

then,  at  that  time,  turn. 

tribune  (a  military  officer),  tribunus  militum,  tribuni  militum, 

m. 
very  many,  complures,  complurium. 

plerique,  pleraeque,  pleraque. 


RELATIVE  PRONOUNS  11 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  infantry  are  waging  war.  2.  I  hear  that  the  in- 
fantry are  waging  war.  3.  I  heard  that — (Finish  and  trans- 
late). 4.  Our  cohorts  will  hasten  into  camp.  5.  We  promise 
that  our  cohorts  will  hasten  into  camp.  6.  We  promised— 
(Finish  and  translate).  7.  He  was  considered  a  brave  man. 
8.  They  say  that  he  was  considered  a  brave  man.  9.  They 
said — (Finish  and  translate). 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  The  messenger  says  that  hostages  have  been  surrendered 
to  the  Romans.  2.  The  tribunes  heard  that  the  cohorts 
were  fighting  with  the  enemy.  3.  A  messenger  is  announcing 
that  the  Gauls  will  hasten  to  lead  their  army  toward  the 
river.  4.  You  immediately  said  the  new  cohorts  were  con- 
sidered brave.  5.  They  say  that  the  new  cohorts  immediately 
followed  the  centurions  to  the  river.  6.  The  tribunes  an- 
nounced that  the  Helvetians  had  surrendered  many  of  their 
leading  men  to  Caesar  as  hostages. 


LESSON  VI 
RELATIVE  PRONOUNS 

GRAMMATICAL     REFERENCES 

B.  250.  A.  304,  305. 

G.  613,  614.  H.  396. 

EXAMPLES 

Iccius,  one  of  the  Remi,  who  was  then  in  charge  of  the 
town.     Iccius  Remus,  qui  turn  oppido  praeerat.     B.  G.  11:6. 

He  persuaded  Casticus,  whose  father  had  held  royal  power 


12  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

among  the  Sequanians  for  many  years.  Persuadet  Castico 
cujus  pater  regnum  in  SSquanis  multos  annos  obtinuerat. 
B.  G.  1:3. 

Dumnorix  the  Haeduan,  of  whom  we  have  spoken  before. 
Dumnorix  Haeduus,  de  quo  ante  ab  nobis  dictum  est.  B.  G. 
V:6. 

He  put  Titus  Labienus  in  charge  of  the  fortification  he  had 
made.  El  mumtionl  quam  fecerat  T.  Labienum  praefecit. 
B.  G.  1:10 

NOTES 

• 

A  Relative  Pronoun  stands  in  place  of  a  noun  or  pronoun, 
which  is  called  its  antecedent;  and  must  agree  with  its  ante- 
cedent in  person,  number,  and  gender. 

It  belongs  in  its  own  clause,  and  so  its  case  is  determined 
by  its  relation  to  the  words  in  its  own  clause. 

A  Relative  Pronoun  in  Latin  can  never  be  omitted,  as  is 
the  case  in  English. 

VOCABULARY 

arrange,  marshal,   instruo,   instruere,   mstruxi,   mstructum, 

tr.  (in+struo). 
assault,  storm,  oppugno,  oppugnare,    oppugnavi,    oppugna- 

tum,  tr.  (ob+pugn6). 

attack,  aggredior,  aggredi,  aggressus  sum  (ad+gradior,  go), 
double,  duplex,  duplicis  (duo+plico,  fold), 
extricate,  expedio,   expedire,   expedivl,   expeditum,  tr.    (ex+ 

pes). 

light-armed,  expeditus,  expedita,  expeditum. 
hinder,  impedio,   impedire,   impedlvi,   impeditum,   tr.    (in-f- 

pes). 
while  he  was  (they  were)  at  a  disadvantage,  impedltus, 

impedita,  impeditum. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  aciei,  f.     (acer,  sharp). 


RELATIVE  PRONOUNS  13 

messenger,  nuntius,  nunti,  m.  (novus). 

set  out,  proficiscor,  proficisci,  profectus  sum,  int. 

supply,  copia,  copiae,  f.     PL  supplies,  troops. 

take  by  storm,   expugno,  expugnare,  expugnavi,  expugna- 

tum,  tr.  (ex+pugno). 
who,  which,  that,  qui,  quae,  quod. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  cohorts  who  had  set  out.  2.  They  hastened  to  the 
camp  which  the  enemy  was  assaulting.  3.  The  infantry 
attacked  the  enemy  with  whom  they  were  waging  war.  4. 
These  are  the  hostages  I  surrendered  to  the  enemy.  5.  I 
shall  hasten  to  the  town  the  enemy  is  storming.  6.  We  set 
out  toward  the  river  which  is  near  Rome. 


WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  The  two  lieutenants  who  had  set  out  with  the  infantry, 
hastened  toward  the  camp.  2.  The  messengers,  whom  the 
cavalry  had  attacked  while  they  were  at  a  disadvantage,  were 
near  the  river.  3.  The  Helvetians  resisted  the  troops  that 
the  tribunes  had  marshaled,  while  they  were  at  a  disad- 
vantage. 4.  Meanwhile  Caesar  was  hastening  to  the  camp, 
which  the  light-armed  troops  were  taking  by  storm.  5.  The 
Romans,  to  whom  hostages  had  not  been  surrendered,  assaulted 
the  camp.  6.  Very  many  cohorts,  whom  the  enemy  had 
resisted  bravely,  were  led  into  camp. 


14  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

LESSON  VII 
ACCUSATIVE   OF   EXTENT 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  181,  1.  A.  423,  425. 

G.  335,  336.  H.  417. 

EXAMPLES 

Territory  which  extended  240  miles  in  length  and  180  in 
width.  Fines  qul  in  longitudinem  milia  passuum  CCXL,  in 
latitudinem  CLXXX  patebant.  B.  G.  1:2. 

He  pitched  camp  three  miles  from  their  camp.  Milia 
passuum  tria  ab  eorum  castris  castra  ponit.  B.  G.  1:22. 

When  he  had  marched  through  their  territory  for  three 
days.  Cum  per  eorum  fines  triduum  iter  fecisset.  B.  G. 
11:16. 

He  dug  two  ditches  fifteen  feet  wide.  Duas  fossas  qum- 
decim  pedes  latas  perduxit.  B.  G.  VII:  72. 

NOTES 

The  Accusative  of  Duration  of  Time  answers  the  question 
" how  long?" 

The  Accusative  of  Extent  of  Space  answers  the  question 
" how  far?" 

VOCABULARY 

about,  circiter,  adv.  (circus,  ring). 

away  from,  from,  by,  ab,  (adv.  and  prep,  with  Abl). 

be  away,  absum,  abesse,  afui,  int.  (ab+sum). 


ACCUSATIVE  OF  EXTENT  15 

ditch,  fossa,  fossae,  f.  (fodio,  dig). 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

hill,  collis,  collis,  m. 

long,  longus,  longa,  longum. 

pace,  passus,  passus,  m.  (pando,  spread  out). 

place,    pitch    (a    camp),  pono,  ponere,   posui,   positum,  tr. 

thousand,  mille,  indec.  adj. 

thousands,  milia,  milium,  n. 

a  mile,  mille  passus. 

miles,  milia  passuum. 
twenty,  viginti, 
year,  annus,  anni,  m. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  To  a  wall  ten  feet  wide.  2.  For  twenty  paces.  3. 
The  ditch  is  twenty  feet  away  from  the  camp.  4.  For  twenty 
miles.  5.  They  waged  war  for  two  years.  6.  The  camp  is 
a  mile  away  from  the  hill. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  I  shall  make  a  wall  ten  feet  long.  2.  You  immediately 
made  a  ditch  many  feet  long.  3.  Meanwhile  I  shall  pitch 
camp  many  miles  from  the  nearest  camp.  4.  The  tenth 
legion  was  about  two  miles  from  the  larger  camp.  5.  For 
many  years  Caesar  had  been  considered  a  very  brave  general. 

6.  The  centurions  were  about  a  mile  away  from  the  province. 

7.  I  say  that  the  Gauls  waged  war  with  the  Romans  for  very 
many  years. 


16  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

LESSON  VIII 
ABLATIVE   OF   TIME  AT  WHICH 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  230,  1,  2.  A.  423. 

G.  393.  H.  486. 

EXAMPLES 

On  the  following  day  they  moved  their  camp  from  that 
place.  Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.  B.  G.  1:15. 

At  about  the  fourth  hour  of  the  day,  he  himself  reached 
Britain  with  the  first  ships.  Ipse  bora  diei  circiter  quarta 
cum  primis  navibus  Britanniam  attigit.  B.  G.  IV:  23. 

VOCABULARY 
and,  et. 
baggage,  impedimenta,  impedimentorum,  n.  (impedimentum, 

hindrance), 
day,  dies,  diei,  m. 
first,  primus,  prima,  primum. 
hour,  hora,  horae.  f. 

leave,  relinquo,  relinquere,  reliqui,  relictum,  tr. 
middle  of,  medius,  media,  medium. 
mountain,  mons,  mentis,  m. 

move,  break  (camp),  moveo,  movere,  movi,  motum,  tr. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  f. 
self,  very,  ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum. 
this,  that,  is,  ea,  id. 
watch,  vigilia,  vigiliae,  f. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  On  the  next  day.  2.  In  the  first  watch.  3.  At  the 
middle  of  the  night.  4.  In  the  early  part  of  (lit.,  first  part  of) 


ABLATIVE  OF  TIME  WITHIN  WHICH  17 

the  night.     5.  In  the  tenth  year.     6.  At  the  tenth  hour  of 
the  day. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  In  the  first  watch  Caesar  broke  camp.  2.  On  that  very 
day  the  cavalry  attacked  the  camp.  3.  At  the  tenth  hour 
of  the  day  Caesar  will  leave  the  baggage  near  the  mountain. 

4.  On  the  first  day  we  shall  marshal  a  double  line  of  battle. 

5.  At  that  very  hour  the  troops  will  break  camp.     6.  In  the 
middle  of  the  night  we  shall  set  out  toward  the  hill.     7.  On 
the  next  night  Caesar  left  the  baggage  near  the  mountain  and 
hastened  himself  to  attack  the  Helvetians  while  they  were  at 
a  disadvantage. 


LESSON  IX 
ABLATIVE   OF   TIME   WITHIN  WHICH 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  231.  A.  423. 

G.  393.  H.  486. 

EXAMPLES 

1.  Within  three  hours  you  can  reach  Aduatuca.     Tribus 
horis  Aduatucam  venire  potestis.     B.  G.  VI:  35. 

2.  They  said  that  the   commander  had  decided  to  lead 
his   army   out   within   three   days.      Statuisse   imperatorem 
triduo  exercitum  deducere  dicunt.     B.  G.  VII:  20. 

3.  Within  two  days  he  came  hither.     Hue  biduo  pervenit. 
B.  G.  VII:  11. 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Time  Within  Which  shows  that  the  action 
expressed  by  the  verb  happens  within  the  limits  of  the  time 
expressed  by  the  Ablative.  The  action  may  take  only  a 


18  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

moment  or  it  may  be  continued  for  any  part  of  the  time 
referred  to. 

The  Accusative  of  Duration  of  Time  shows  that  .the  action 
is  continued  for  the  entire  time. 

The  Ablative  of  Time  At  Which  shows  that  the  action  hap- 
pened at  the  time  referred  to. 

Ablative  of  time  at  which. 
At  the  first  hour,  prirna  hora. 


Ablative  of  time  within  which. 
Within  an  hour,  una  hora. 


Accusative  of  time  during  which. 
For  one  hour,  unarn  horam. 


VOCABULARY 

certain,  certus,  certa,  certum. 

inform,  tell,  certiorem  facere  (lit.,  make  more  certain), 
become,  be  made,  happen,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum. 
bring,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  tr. 
hither,  citerior,  citerius,  (citra,  on  this  side), 
meet,  occurro,  occurrere,  occurri,  int.  (ob+curro). 
month  mensis,  mensis,  m. 
there,  ibi. 
three,  tres,  tria. 

three  days,  triduum,  tridui,  n.  (tres+dies). 
two  days,  biduum,  bidui,  n.  (bis+dies). 
understand,  inteliego,   intellegere,   intellexi,  intellectum,  tr. 

(inter+lego). 
wall,  murus,  murl,  m. 
way,  road,  march,  journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 


ABLATIVE  OF  AGENT  19 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  Within  twenty  years.  2.  Within  three  months.  3. 
Within  three  days.  4,  Within  two  days.  5.  Within  ten 
days.  6.  Within  three  hours. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Within  three  days  Caesar  marched  through  the  country 
of  the  Helvetians.  2.  Within  two  months  the  town  was 
stormed.  3.  Within  twenty  hours  Caesar  set  out  into  Hither 
Gaul.  4.  Within  two  hours  we  will  pitch  camp  near  the 
wall.  5.  Within  twenty  days  the  baggage  will  be  brought 
to  the  mountain.  6.  Within  two  days  a  double  line  of 
battle  will  be  marshaled.  7.  I  understand  that  within  three 
days  the  Roman  army  will  hasten  toward  the  mountain  and 
will  pitch  camp  there. 


LESSON  X 
ABLATIVE   OF  AGENT 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  216.  A.  405. 

G.  401,  R.  1,  2.  H.  468,  1. 

EXAMPLES 

1.  He  had  been  called  friend  of  the  Roman  people  by  the 
senate.     A  senatu  populi    Roman!  amicus  appellatus  erat. 
B.  G.  1:3. 

2.  At  the  same  time  he  was  informed  by  Publius  Crassus. 
Eodem  tempore  a  P.  Crasso  certior  factus  est.     B.  G.  11:34. 

3.  While  this  was  being  done  by  Caesar.     Dum  haec  a 
Caesare  geruntur.     B.  G.  VI:  7. 


20  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Agent  is  always  used  with  the  preposition 
a  (ab). 

It  is  used  only  with  Passive  Verbs  to  name  the  person  (or 
thing)  that  acts  of  his  own  free  will. 

It  names  the  same  person  as  the  Subject  of  the  verb,  in  the 
Active  Voice. 

VOCABULARY 

barbarians,  barbari,  barbarorum,  m. 

give    back,    return,    reddo,    reddere,    reddidi,   redditum,    tr. 

(red+do). 
hundred,  centum. 
mound,  tumulus,  tumuli,  m. 
one  each,  one  by  one,  singuli,  singulae,  singula. 
prisoner,  captivus,  captivi,  m.  (capio). 
receive,  accipio,  accipere,  accepi,  acceptum,  tr.  (ad+capio'L 
send,  mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum,  tr. 
summer,   aestas,  aestatis,  f. 
surrender,  deditio,  deditionis,  f.  (ded6). 
threefold,  triplex,  triplicis,  (tres+plico,  fold), 
top  of,  highest,  summus,  summa,  summum  (superus). 
two  hundred,  ducentl,  ducentae,  ducenta  (duo+centum). 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

Change  each  sentence  to  the  Active  Voice  and  translate. 

1.  The  prisoners  were  sent  by  the  Gauls.  2.  A  triple  line 
of  battle  was  being  marshaled  by  the  leader.  3.  You  (Ace.  te) 
will  be  sent  by  the  commander.  4.  The  hostages  had  been 
returned  to  the  Gauls  by  the  Romans.  5.  We  (Ace.  n6s) 
shall  be  received  in  surrender  by  the  leader.  6.  The  prisoners 
were  being  brought  to  the  mound  by  the  barbarians. 


ABLATIVE  OF  MEANS  21 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  A  hundred  prisoners  were  returned  to  the  Gauls  by 
Caesar.  2.  The  leading  men  were  received  in  surrender  by 
the  general.  3.  Two  hundred  soldiers  had  been  sent  by 
the  lieutenant  to  the  top  of  the  mound.  4.  We  shall  be 
informed  by  prisoners  that  two  hundred  soldiers  have  set  out 
from  camp.  5.  In  the  first  part  of  the  summer  (lit.,  in  the 
first  summer)  the  camp  was  attacked  by  the  barbarians.  6. 
Within  two  days  arms  will  be  given  over  to  the  barbarians  by 
(their)  prisoners. 


LESSON  XI 
ABLATIVE   OF  MEANS 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  218.  A.  409;  405,  ft. 

G.  401,  R.  1.  H.  476;  468,  2,  3. 

EXAMPLES 

1.  This  manoeuvre  protected  one  side  of  the  camp  by  the 
banks  of  the  river.     Quae  res  latus  unum  castrorum  ripis 
fluminis  munigbat.     B.  G.  11:5. 

2.  They  fight  with  the  Germans  in  almost  daily   battles 
(lit.,  by  means  of).      Fere  cotidianis  proelils  cum  Germanis 
contendunt.     B.  G.  1:1. 

3.  With  the  aid  of  (only)  five  hundred  horsemen  they  had 
driven  back  a  great  number  of  cavalry.     Qumgentis  equiti- 
bus    tantam    multitudinem    equitum    propulerant.     B.    G. 
1:15. 

4.  Caesar  was  informed  by  scouts.     Caesar  per  exploratores 
certior  factus  est.     B.  G.  1:12. 


22  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Means  names  the  means  or  instrument  by 
which  an  action  is  performed. 

It  may  be  used  with  either  the  Active  or  the  Passive  Voice. 
It  never  is  used  with  a  preposition. 

The  name  of  a  person  may  be  used  as  an  Ablative  of  Means 
if  the  person  is  used  by  some  one  just  as  a  thing  would  be 
used. 

Per  with  the  Accusative  may  also  be  used  with  the  name 
of  a  person  to  express  means. 

VOCABULARY 
at  the  same  time,  simul. 
battle,  proelium,  proeli,  n. 
bound,  surround,  contineo,  continere,  continui,  contentum, 

tr.  (com+teneo). 

boundary,  finis,  finis,  m.  (fmi6,  end).     PL,  territory, 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 

cross,  transeo,  transire,  transii,  transitum,  tr.  (trans+eo). 
ford,  vadum,  vadi,  n. 
great,  magnus,  magna,  magnum. 

forced  marches,  magms  itineribus. 
horse,  equus,  equi,  m. 
kill,  interficio,  interficere,  interfeci,  interfectum,  tr.  (inters 

f  acio) . 

occldd,  occidere,  occidi,  occisum,  tr.  (ob+caedo). 
number,  multitude,  multitudinis,  f.  (multus). 

numerus,  numeri.  m. 
return,  redeo,  redire,  redii,  reditum,     int.  (red+eo). 

revertor,  reverti,  reverti,  reversum,  int.  (re+verto). 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem  (is). 

same  as,  idem  qui. 
time,  tempus,  temporis,  n. 
try,  conor,  conari,  conatus  sum,  tr. 
weapon,  telum,  teli,  n. 


ABLATIVE  OF  CAUSE  23 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  The  camp  was  surrounded  by  a  ditch.  2.  Two  hundred 
men  were  killed  in  a  great  battle.  3.  The  horses  are  crossing 
the  river  by  a  ford.  4.  You  will  surround  the  hill  with  a 
ditch.  5.  The  barbarians  tried  with  their  weapons  to  take 
the  town  by  storm.  6.  The  river  is  crossed  by  a  bridge. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  The  same  messengers  immmediately  announced  that  a 
hundred  soldiers  had  returned  to  camp  by  the  nearest  road. 
2.  The  Romans  understood  that  in  the  first  year  the  soldiers 
had  contended  with  the  barbarians  in  (lit.,  by  means  of) 
many  battles.  3.  Within  two  days  the  enemy  hastened  to 
attack  the  Romans  with  their  weapons.  4.  At  the  same 
time  the  legions  will  hasten  through  the  territory  of  the  Helve- 
tians by  forced  marches.  5.  By  forced  marches  the  Romans 
were  hastening  to  storm  the  town  to  which  the  enemy  had 
returned.  6.  Within  two  days  the  enemy  had  killed  a  great 
number  of  soldiers  with  their  weapons. 


LESSON  XII 

ABLATIVE   OF   CAUSE 

% 
GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  219.  A.  404,  b. 

G.  408,  R.  1,  2.  H.  475. 

EXAMPLES 

Exhausted  by  wounds.     Vulneribus  defessi.    B.  G.  1:25. 
Influenced   by   a   desire   for   absolute   power,     Cupiditate 
adductus,    B,  G.  1:9. 


24  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

Thoroughly  alarmed  by  his  sudden  arrival.  Repentino 
ejus  adventu  commoti.  B.  G.  1:13. 

Because  of  the  width  of  the  ditch  and  the  height  of  the 
wall,  he  could  not  take  the  town  by  storm.  Proptcr  latitu- 
dinem  fossae  murique  altitudinem  (oppidum)  expugnare 
non  potuit.  B.  G.  11:12. 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Cause  names  a  thing  that  works  by  itself 
to  produce  a  given  result. 

It  differs  from  an  Ablative  of  Means,  which  names  a  thing 
that  is  used  by  some  one. 

The  Ablative  of  Cause  is  used  as  a  rule  to  express  a  cause 
that  produces  an  internal  effect;  that  is,  an  effect  on  mind 
or  body. 

When  the  cause  produces  an  external  effect,  it  is  usually 
expressed  by  propter  with  the  Accusative. 

VOCABULARY 

be  strong,  valeo,  valere,  valui,  valiturus,  int. 

have  great  influence,  multum  valeo  (possum) 
easy,  facilis,  facile  (facio). 
entreaties,  pieces,  precum,  f. 
exhausted,  defessus,  defessa,  defessum. 
fear,  timor,  timoris,  m.  (timed,  to  fear), 
frighten  thoroughly,  demoralize,  perterreo,  perterrere,  perter- 

rui,  perterritum,  tr.  (per+terreo). 
hope,  spes,  spei,  f . 

influence,  adduce,  adducere,  adduxi,  adductum,  tr.  (ad+duco). 
influence,  popularity,  gratia,  gratiae,  f.  (gratus,  acceptable), 
move  deeply,  excite,  permoveo,  permovere,  permovi,  permo- 

tum,  tr.  (per+moveo). 

on  account  of,  near,  propter  (adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.), 
promptly,  confestim. 


ADVERBIAL  CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE  25 

royal  power,  kingdom,  regnum,  regni,  n.  (rego,  rule), 
wound,  vulnus,  vulneris,  n. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  Demoralized  by  fear.  2.  Exhausted  by  wounds.  3 
Influenced  by  their  entreaties.  4.  On  account  of  their  fear 
the  soldiers  did  not  fight  with  the  enemy.  5.  Deeply  moved 
by  hope  of  royal  power.  6.  On  account  of  his  popularity 
the  soldiers  followed  him. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Deeply  moved  by  their  entreaties  Caesar  returned  to 
camp.  2.  The  barbarians,  excited  by  their  hope  of  royal 
power,  met  the  Romans  near  the  bridge.  3.  He  had  much 
influence  because  of  his  great  popularity.  4.  The  soldiers, 
(being)  exhausted  by  wounds,  were  easily  killed  by  the  enemy. 
5.  The  light-armed  troops,  (being)  demoralized  by  fear,  did 
not  try  to  take  the  town  by  storm.  6.  The  prisoners  he  had 
taken,  had  much  influence  in  Gaul  for  many  years  because 
of  their  popularity. 


LESSON  XIII 
ADVERBIAL   CLAUSES   OF  PURPOSE 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  282,  1.  A.  530;  531,  1. 

G.  545,  1,  3;  512.  H.  568. 

EXAMPLES 

He  had  a  bridge  made  over  the  Arar  so  that  he  could 

follow    the    remaining    forces    of    the    Helvetians.  Reliquas 

copias  Helvetiorum  ut   consequi  posset,   pontem  in  Arari 
faciendum  curat.     B.  G.  1:13. 


26  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

He  placed  guards  over  Dumnorix  so  as  to  be  able  to  know 
what  he  did  and  with  whom  he  talked.  Dumnorigi  custodes 
ponit  ut  quae  agat,  quibuscum  loquatur  scire  possit.  B.  G. 
1:20. 

And  he  ordered  the  soldiers  to  leave  the  town  that  the 
inhabitants  might  not  suffer  any  injury  from  them  by  night. 
Militesque  ex  oppido  exire  jussit  ne  quain  noctu  oppidani  a 
militibus  injuriam  acciperent.  B.  G.  11:33. 

NOTES' 

Purpose  Clauses  always  express  intention  or  will  and  the 
Subjunctive  is  called  a  Volitive  Subjunctive  (volo,  wish,  will). 

Since  they  express  what  is  merely  intended,  they  always 
refer  to  a  time  that  is  future  with  reference  to  the  time  of 
the  principal  verb,  and  they  must  always  express  an  action 
or  condition  that  is  incomplete  at  the  time  of  the  principal 
verb. 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  that  express  incomplete  action 
are  the  Present  and  Imperfect.  Use  the  Present  Subjunctive 
after  tenses  that  refer  to  present  or  future  time  (Present, 
Future,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative);  and  the  Imperfect 
Subjunctive  after  tenses  that  refer  to  past  time  -(Imperfect  and 
Pluperfect  Indicative  and  usually  the  Perfect). 
Ut,  that.  Ne,  that  not. 

VOCABULARY 

all,  whole,  totus,  tota,  totum. 

and  also,  atque. 

bring  in,  advance,  wage,  infero,  inferre,  intull,  illatum,  tr. 

(in+fero). 

cavalry,  equester,  equestris,  equestre  (eques). 
conquer,  surpass,  supero,  superare,  superavi,  superatum,  tr. 

(super). 

vinc6,  vincere,  vici,  -victum,  tr,  and  int. 


ADVERBIAL  CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE  27 

for  a  little  while,  paulum. 

give,  d6,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  tr. 

go  out,  egredior,  egredi,  egressus  sum,  int.  (e+gradior). 

excedo,  excedere,  excess!,  excessum,  int.  (ex+cedo). 
infantry,  pedester,  pedestris,  pedestre  (pedes). 
keep,    keep   back,    retineo,  retinere,  retinui,    retentum,    tr. 

(re+teneo). 

teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  tentum,  tr. 
know,  scio,  scire,  scivi,  scltum,  tr. 
lead  out,  educo,  educere,  eduxi,  eductuin  tr.  (e+duco). 
power,  potestas,  potestatis,  f.  (potis,  able), 
protection,  faith,  fides,  fidei,  f. 
sign,  signal,  standard,  signum,  signi,  n. 
take  possession  of,  occupo,  occupare,  occupavi,  occupatum, 

tr. 
trumpet,  tuba,  tubae,  f . 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  Caesar  hastened  into  Gaul  to  conquer  the  Helvetians. 
2.  Caesar  will  hasten — (Finish  and  translate).  3.  I  shall 
advance  the  standards  that  we  may  fight  with  the  enemy.  4. 
You  advanced — (Finish  and  translate).  5.  The  leader  is 
setting  out  that  the  enemy  may  not  take  possession  of  the 
camp.  6.  The  leader  had  set  out — (Finish  and  translate). 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  I  shall  return  (their)  horses  to  the  soldiers  in  order  that 
they  may  conquer  the  enemy  in  a  cavalry  battle.  2.  You 
returned — (Finish  and  translate).  3.  For  a  little  while  the 
prisoners  were  kept  in  camp  that  they  might  not  give  the 
signal  to  the  enemy.  4.  For  a  little  while  the  prisoners  will 
be  kept — (Finish  and  translate).  5.  The  leader  himself  will 
go  out  of  Hither  Gaul  in  order  to  conquer  the  Helvetians.  6. 
The  leader  himself  went  out  of  Hither  Gaul — (Finish  and 


28  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

translate).  7.  A  hundred  soldiers  led  their  horses  to  the 
ford  in  order  to  return  to  the  territory  of  the  Helvetians.  8. 
A  hundred  soldiers  are  leading — (Finish  and  translate).  9. 
Influenced  by  hope  of  surrender  the  barbarians  sent  ambas- 
sadors that  they  might  be  received  into  the  protection  and 
power  of  the  Romans. 


LESSON  XIV 
RELATIVE   CLAUSES   OF   PURPOSE 

GRAMMATICAL     REFERENCES 
B.  282,  2.  A.  531,  2. 

G.  630.  H.  590. 

EXAMPLES 

They  sent  Iccius  and  Andecumborius  as  ambassadors  to 
say  .  .  .  Legates  Iccium  et  Andecumborium  miserunt  qui 
dicerent  .  .  .  B.  G.  11:3. 

Having  collected  twigs  and  brushwood  with  which  to  fill 
the  trenches  of  the  Romans,  they  advanced  to  the  camp. 
Sarmentis  virgultisque  collectis  quibus  fossas  Romanorum 
compleant,  ad  castra  pergunt.  B.  G.  III:i8. 

They  set  a  time  at  which  all  are  to  assemble  on  the  bank 
of  the  Rhone.  Diem  dicunt  qua  die  ad  rlpam  Rhodani 
omnes  conveniant.  B.  G.  1:6. 

Horsemen  came  to  announce  .  .  .  Equites  venerunt  qui 
nuntiarent.  B.  G.  V:10. 

NOTES 

Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose,  like  other  relative  clauses, 
are  used  as  adjectives  and  modify  the  antecedent  of  the 
relative. 


RELATIVE  CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE         29 

The  tenses  of  the  verb  are  the  same  as  in  Adverbial  Clauses 
of  Purpose. 

A  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose  is  regularly  used  instead  of 
an  ut-clause  when  the  English  expression  of  purpose  may  be 
changed  into  a  relative  clause  modifying  the  Direct  Object 
of  the  principal  verb  (or  the  Subject  if  the  principal  verb  is 
Passive). 

The  Subject  of  venio  may  be  modified  by  a  Relative 
Clause  of  Purpose  whenever  venio =mittor. 

VOCABULARY. 

choose,  deligo,  deligere,  delegi,  delectum,  tr.  (de+lego). 

come,  venio,  venire,  vem,  ventum,  int. 

flight,  fuga,  fugae,  f.  (fugio,  flee). 

gather,  assemble,  compel,  cogo,  cogere,  coegl,  coactum,  tr. 

(com+ago). 

grain,  frumentum,  frumenti,  n. 
hand,  band,  mantis,  manus,  f.     PL,  forces, 
lead  across,    traduco,    traducere,    traduxi,    traductum,    tr. 

(trans+duco). 
safety,  salus,  salutis,  f. 

scout,  expldrator,  exploratoris,  m.  (explorS,  reconnoitre) . 
seek,  ask,  peto,  petere,  petivi,  petltum,  tr. 
seven,  septem. 
supplies,  commeatus,  commeatus,  m.  (commeo,  go  back  and 

forth). 

third,  tertius,  tertia,  tertium. 
without,  sine,  (with  Abl.). 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  Scouts  came  to  say  that  the  enemy  was  crossing  the 
river.  2.  Scouts  are  coming — (Finish  and  translate).  3. 
Men  will  be  chosen  who  are  to  gather  grain.  4.  Men  had 
been  chosen — (Finish  and  translate).  5.  I  will  send  lieu- 


30  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

tenants  to  whom  hostages  are  to  be  surrendered.     6.  I  sent 
lieutenants — (Finish  and  translate). 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Seven  scouts  were  chosen  to  lead  the  forces  across  through 
the  territory  of  the  Helvetians.  2.  Seven  men  will  be  chosen 
to  lead  the  forces  out  of  camp.  3.  A  bridge  will  be  made 
by  which  the  forces  are  to  be  led  across  the  river.  4.  Scouts 
promptly  came  to  say  that  large  forces  were  taking  possession 
of  the  top  of  the  hill.  5.  We  are  choosing  men  to  lead  the 
forces  across  the  river.  6.  Within  three  days  the  leader  chose 
the  men  by  whom  the  grain  was  to  be  gathered. 


LESSON  XV 
ABLATIVE   OF   QUALITY 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 
B.  224.  A.  415. 

G.  400.  H.  473,  2. 

EXAMPLES 

A  state  of  great  influence  among  the  Belgians.  Civitas 
magna  inter  Belgas  auctoritate.  B.  G.  11:15. 

Because  they  did  not  yet  seem  well-disposed  toward  the 
Roman  people.  Quod  nondum  bono  animo  in  populum 
Romanum  viderentur.  B.  G.  1:6. 

They  said  that  the  Germans  were  (men)  of  incredible  valor. 
Germanos  esse  incredibili  virtute  praedicabant.  B.  G.  1:39. 

NOTES 

An  Ablative  of  Quality  takes  the  place  of  an  adjective  in 
the  sentence;  that  is,  it  either  modifies  a  noun  or  is  used 
as  the  Predicate  of  some  Intransitive  Verbs. 


ABLATIVE  OF  QUALITY  31 

Therefore  it  may  often  be  translated  by  an  English  adjec- 
tive. 

A  noun  used  as  an  Ablative  of  Quality  must  be  modified 
by  an  adjective. 

VOCABULARY 

among,  apud  (with  Ace.). 

but,  sed. 

come  together,  assemble,  convenio,  convenire,  convem,  con- 
ventum,  int.  (com+venio). 

drive  back,  pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  tr. 

repello,  repellere,  reppull,  repulsum,  int. 
(re+pello). 

following,  posterus,  postera,  posterum  (post). 

for,  enim,  (always  post-positive). 
nam. 

fort,  castellum,  castelli,  n.  (castrum). 

gradually,  paulatim  (paulum). 

harass,  lacesso,  lacessere,  lacessivi,  lacessitum,  tr. 

provoke  to  battle  (lit.,  by  means  of),  proelio  lacessere. 

influence,  power,   auctoritas,  auctoritatis,    f.  auctor,  origi- 
nator) . 

state,  civitas,  civitatis,  f.  (civis,  citizen). 

valor,  virtus,  virtutis,  f.  (vir). 

yoke,  ridge,  jugum,  jugi,  n. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  They  are  (men)  of  very  great  valor.  2.  I  shall  send  a 
man  of  great  influence.  3.  He  is  a  (man)  of  great  popu- 
larity. 4.  A  state  of  great  power. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  For  many  years  the  Romans  were  (men)  of  very  great 
valor.  2.  The  leader  was  (a  man)  of  great  influence  among 
the  enemy.  3.  The  ambassador,  who  is  a  man  of  great  in- 


32  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

fluence,  will  have  much  power  among  the  Gauls.  4.  Soldiers 
of  great  valor  were  sent  to  assault  the  camp.  5.  States  of 
great  influence  sent  ambassadors  to  Caesar.  6.  The  leader 
gave  the  signal  with  a  trumpet;  but  (being)  demoralized  by 
fear,  the  soldiers  (though)  men  of  great  valor,  did  not  advance 
the  standards.  7.  All  the  soldiers  assembled  in  the  fort;  for 
their  leader,  a  man  of  the  greatest  influence,  had  said  that 
the  enemy  could  not  take  possession  of  it. 


LESSON  XVI 
GENITIVE   OF   QUALITY 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

B.  203,  2.  A.  345,  b. 

G.  365,  R.  H.  440,  3. 

« 

EXAMPLES 

He  constructed  a  wall  sixteen  feet  high  and  a  trench. 
Murum  in  altitudinem  pedum  sedecim  fossamque  perducit. 
E.G.  1:8. 

He  dug  two  ditches  fifteen  feet  wide  and  of  the  same  depth. 
Duas  fossas  qumdecim  pedes  latas  eadem  altitudine  perduxit. 
B.  G.  VII:  72. 

A  town  of  great  power  among  them.  Oppidum  apud  eos 
maximae  auctoritatis.  B.  G.  VII: 55. 

NOTES 

In  expressions  of  measure  the  Genitive  of  Quality  is  used, 
never  the  Ablative. 

Often  the  same  idea  may  be  expressed  by  either  the  Genitive 
of  Quality  or  the  Accusative  of  Extent. 

In  most  expressions  of  quality  that  do  not  refer  to  measure, 
either  the  Genitive  or  the  Ablative  may  be  used. 


GENITIVE  OF  QUALITY  33 

VOCABULARY 

arrival,  adventus,  adventus,  m.  (advenio). 
assistance,  auxilium,  auxili,  n.  (augeo,  increase). 

PI.  reinforcements, 
begin,  coepi,  coepisse,  coeptum,  tr. 
dare,  audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum,  tr. 
deep,  high,  altus,  alta,  altum. 
defend,    defendo,    defendere,    defend!,    defensum,    tr.    ( 

fendo,  strike). 

depth,  height,  altitude,  altftudinis,  f.  (altus). 
eight,  octo. 

fortify,  munio,  mumre,  munlvi,  munitum,  tr. 
nine,  novem. 

plan,  judgment,  consilium,  consili,  n. 
rampart,  vallum,  valli,  n. 
six,  sex. 

wide,  latus,  lata,  latum. 
width,  latitude,  latitudinis,  f.  (latus). 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  A  wall  eight  feet  high.  2.  A  trench  six  feet  in  width. 
3.  A  man  of  the  greatest  judgment.  4.  I  have  fortified  the 
town  by  a  rampart  ten  feet  high  and  a  ditch  eight  feet  in 
width.  5.  He  is  a  man  of  great  bravery. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  They  assembled  near  a  rampart  six  feet  high.  2.  He 
began  to  make  a  ditch  nine  feet  wide.  3.  They  will  march 
eight  miles.  4.  They  sent  messengers  to  the  state  which  was 
of  the  greatest  influence  among  the  Gauls.  5.  Divitiacus^ 
who  had  great  power  among  the  Helvetians,  was  (a  man)  of 
great  judgment.  6.  The  leader  made  a  rampart  six  feet 
high  and,  also  a  ditch  eight  feet  wide  with  which  to  defend 


34  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

the  fort.  7.  On  account  of  the  arrival  of  the  auxiliaries,  the 
cohorts  made  a  rampart  nine  feet  wide  in  order  to  drive  the 
enemy  back. 


LESSON  XVII 
SUBSTANTIVE   VOLITIVE   CLAUSES 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

B.  295,  1,  2,  4.  A.  563,  a,  b. 

G.  546,  1,  2.  H.  565,  3. 

EXAMPLES 

He  persuaded  the  citizens  to  leave  their  territory  with  all 
their  possessions.  Civitati  persuasit  ut  de  fmibus  suis  cum 
omnibus  copiis  exirent.  B.  G.  1:2. 

Ariovistus  demanded  that  Caesar  should  not  bring  a  single 
foot-soldier  to  their  conference.  Ariovistus  postulav  t  ne 
quern  peditem  ad  colloquium  Caesar  adduceret.  B.  G.  1:42. 

He  began  to  urge  them  to  remain  on  the  continent.  (Eos) 
hortari  coepit  uti  in  continent!  remanerent.  B.  G.  V:6. 

They  decided  to  make  peace  with  the  nearest  states.  Con- 
stituerunt  cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem  confirmare.  B. 
G.  1:3. 

He  compelled  them  to  give  hostages  to  him.  (Eos)  obsides 
sibi  dare  coegit.  B.  G.  VI:  3. 

He  ordered  Labienus  to  follow  with  three  legions.  Labie- 
num  cum  legionibus  tribus  subsequi  jussit.  B.  G.  11:11. 

NOTES 

They  are  called  Volitive  because,  like  Purpose    Clauses, 

they  tell  what  is  willed  by  the  Subject  of  the  principal  clause. 

They  are  generally  used  as  Direct  Object  of  some  verb 


SUBSTANTIVE  VOLITIVE  CLAUSES  35 

expressing  will  (command,  persuade,  urge,  etc.) ;  sometimes 
(1)  as  the  only  object;  sometimes  (2)  with  another  Direct 
Object;  sometimes  (3)  with  an  Indirect  Object. 

Only  the  Present  or  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  can  be  used 
in  Substantive  Volitive  Clauses  because  an  action  that  is 
thought  of  as  being  merely  willed  must  refer  to  relatively 
future  time  and  so  be  incomplete. 

The  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  are  used  as  in  Purpose  Clauses 
(see  Lesson  XIII). 

The  conjunctions  used  are  ut  and  ne. 

Certain  verbs  that  express  will  (constituo,  volo,  nolo, 
malo)  take  as  their  Direct  Object  a  Present  Infinitive  with  no 
subject  expressed,  instead  of  a  Substantive  Volitive  Clause, 
when  the  Subject  of  the  Infinitive  is  the  same  as  the  Subject 
of  the  principal  verb. 

Conor  always  has  the  Infinitive  as  Direct  Object. 

Jubeo  regularly  takes  the  Infinitive  and  Subject  Accusative 
as  Direct  Object  instead  of  a  Substantive  Volitive  Clause. 

Cogo  usually  has  the  Infinitive  and  Subject  Accusative  as 
its  Direct  Object. 

VOCABULARY 

advise,    moneo,    monere,  monui,   monitum,  tr.    (Acc.-f  Sub. 

Vol.  CL). 

ally,  socius,  soci  m. 
command,  impero,  imperare,  imperavi,  imperatum,  tr.  (Dat.+ 

Subs.  Vol.  CL). 
district,  regio,  regionis,  f. 
each,  uterque,  utraque,  utrumque. 
five,  quinque. 

order,  jubeo,  jubere,  jussi,  jussum,  tr. 
persuade,   persuaded,  persuadere,  persuasi,  persuasum,  tr. 

(Dat.+Subs.  Vol.  CL). 
quaestor,  quaestor,  quaestoris,  m. 


36  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

senate,  senatus,  senatus,  m.  (senex,  old  man), 
side,  latus,  lateris,  n. 

on  both  sides,  ab  utroque  latere. 
sword,  gladius,  gladi,  m. 

urge,  cohortor,  cohortari,  cohortatus  sum,  tr.     (Acc.+Subs. 
Vol.  CL). 

hortor,  hortari,  hortatus  sum,  tr.  (Acc.+Subs.  Vol.  CL). 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  The  senate  will  command  the  allies  to  defend  the  state. 
2.  The  senate  commanded — (Finish  and  translate).  3.  The 
quaestor  had  advised  the  scouts  not  to  seek  safety  in  flight. 

4.  The    quaestor    advises — (Finish    and    translate).      5.  We 
persuaded  the  centurions  to  give  the  signal  with  the  trumpet. 

6.  We  shall  persuade — (Finish  and  translate).     7.  The  senate 
urges  the  allies  to  promise  reinforcements.     8.  The  senate 
urged — (Finish  and  translate). 

i 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  At  the  third  hour  the  lieutenants,  exhausted  by  wounds, 
advised  the  soldiers  to  seek  safety  in  flight.  2.  Within  five 
hours  the  leader,  influenced  by  hope  of  royal  power,  will 
command  the  soldiers  to  take  possession  of  the  rampart.  3. 
You  commanded  the  centurions  with  their  swords  to  drive 
back  the  enemy  on  both  sides.  4.  The  quaestor  commanded 
the  soldiers  to  seek  supplies  through  the  nearest  districts. 

5.  Exhausted  by  wounds,  the  soldiers  tried  to  persuade  their 
commander  not  to  attack  the  enemy.     6.  The  leader  ordered 
the  soldiers  to  set  out  from  camp  and  hasten  toward  the  enemy, 

7.  You  encouraged  the  army  to  attack  the  enemy  on  both 
sides  with  their  swords. 


COMMANDS  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE  37 

LESSON  XVIII 
COMMANDS   IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

B.  316.  A.  588. 

G.  652.  H.  642,  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

"  Jump  down,  fellow  soldiers,"  he  said.  "  Desilite,"  inquit, 
"  commllitones."  B.  G.  IV: 25. 

"Do  not  think/'  he  said,  "that  this  is  the  army  that  con- 
quered Gaul."  "Noli,"  inquit,  "  existimare  hunc  esse 
exercitum  qui  Galliam  devicerit.  B.  C.  111:87. 

He  sent  men  to  the  commanders  of  the  cavalry  to  announce 
that  they  were  not  to  provoke  the  enemy  to  battle.  Ad  prae- 
fectos  mittit  qui  nuntiarent  ne  hostes  proelio  lacesserent. 
B.  G.  IV:11. 

He  told  the  soldiers  to  stop  fighting  for  a  little  while. 
Milites  certiores  fecit:  paulisper  intermitterent  proelium. 
B.  G.  111:5. 

NOTES 

A  command  in  Direct  Discourse  in  the  second  person  is 
usually  expressed  by  the  Imperative  if  the  command  is  affirma- 
tive. 

If  the  command  is  negative,  it  is  most  frequently  expressed 
in  classical  Latin  by  the  Imperative  of  nolo  (noli,  nolite) 
with  the  Infinitive  of  the  verb  expressing  the  command  with- 
out Subject  Accusative  as  its  Direct  Object. 


38  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

Commands  in  Indirect  Discourse  are  expressed  by  a  Volitive 
Subjunctive  used  as  Direct  Object  of  verbs  of  saying,  etc. 

The  only  difference  between  Indirect  Commands  and  Sub- 
stantive Volitive  Clauses  is  that  the  former  are  Direct  Object 
of  a  verb  of  saying  while  the  latter  are  Direct  Object  of  a  Verb 
that  expresses  will. 

The  Subjunctive  is  the  same  and  the  tenses  are  the  same 
in  both  kinds  of  clauses. 

In  Indirect  Commands,  the  conjunction  for  the  negative  is 
ne;  there  is  no  conjunction  used  for  the  affirmative. 

Dico  should  not  be  used  with  an  Indirect  Command  as  its 
Direct  Object. 

VOCABULARY 

and,  -que  (joined  to  second  of  two  words,  seldom  joined  to 

word  ending  in  -e). 

be  unwilling,  nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  tr.  (non-i-volo). 
boy,    puer,    pueri,    m.     PL,    children    (without   reference   to 

parents), 
call  together,  summon,  assemble,  convoco,  convocare,  con- 

vocavi,  convocatum,  tr.  (com+voco). 
declare,  pronuntio,  pronuntiare,  pronuntiavi,  pronuntiatum, 

tr.  (pro+nuntio). 

fourth,  quartus,  quarta,  quartum. 
free,  liber,  libera,  liberum. 

children,  Hberi  (with  reference  to  parents), 
friendly,  amicus,  arnica,  amicum. 

friend,  amicus,  amici,  m. 
harm,  noceo,  nocere,  nocui,  nociturus,  int. 
hurl,  hide,  conicio,  conicere,  conjeci,  conjectum,  tr.  (com4- 

jacio). 

king,  rex,  regis,'m.  (rego,  rule), 
people,  populus,  populi,  m. 

Roman  people,  populus  Romanus. 
swamp,  palus,  paludis,  f . 


COMMANDS  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE  39 

victor}7,  victoria,  victoriae,  f.  (victor), 
woman,  mulier,  mulieris,  f. 

yield,    allow,   permitto,  permittere,  permisi,  permissum,  tr. 
(per+mitto)  (Dat.+Subs.  Vol.  CL). 

Express  each  oral  sentence  and  each  of  the  first  five  written 
sentences  as  a  direct  command  and  translate. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  I  kept  declaring  that  the  army  was  not  to  leave  camp. 

2.  You  will  declare — (Finish  and  translate).     3.  We  are  being 
told  to  defend  our  children.     4.  You  had  been  told — (Finish 
and  translate).     5.  You  will  announce  that  the  soldiers  are 
to  drive  back  the  enemy.     6.  You  announced — (Finish  and 
translate). 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  The  leading  men  declared  that  the  men  were  to  hide 
the  women  and  children  in  the  swamp.  2.  The  soldiers  were 
told  that  they  were  always  to  defend  the  women  and  children. 

3.  He  will  declare  that  the  Helvetians  are  not  to  assemble 
their   children   in   the   swamp.     4.  They   declared   that   the 
Helvetians  were  not  to  yield  their  children  to  the  protection 
and  power  of  the  Romans.     5.  He  tells  the  soldiers  that  they 
are  not  to  fortify  the  town  by  a  wall  and  a  ditch.     6.  The 
leader  announced  that  at  the  fourth  hour  the  women  and 
children  were  gradually  to  be  hidden  in  the  swamp.     7.  The 
quaestor  will  declare  that  the  soldiers  are  to  hide  their  children 
in  the  swamp  that  the  enemy  may  not  harm  them. 


40  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

LESSON  XIX 
SEQUENCE   OF   TENSES.      INDIRECT   QUESTIONS 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  258;  267,  1,  2;  314.  A.  482,  1,  2;   483,  484  (1),  (2), 

G.  467,  651.  a,  b,  c\  586. 

H.  642;  543;  545,  I,  II. 

EXAMPLES 

Present  with  reference  to  principal  verb: 

1.  PRES.:  Caesar  knows  what  his  soldiers  are  doing. 

Caesar  intellegit  quid  milites  faciant. 

2.  PAST:    Caesar  knew  what  his  soldiers  were  doing  (did). 

Caesar  intellexit  quid  milites  facerent. 

3.  FUT.:     Caesar  will  know  what  his  soldiers  do. 

Caesar  intelleget  quid  milites  faciant. 

Future  with  reference  to  principal  verb: 

4.  PRES:    Caesar  is  hurrying  into  Gaul  to  conquer  the  Helve- 

tians. 
Caesar  in  Galliam  properat  ut  Helvetios  vincat. 

5.  PAST:     Caesar  hurried  into  Gaul  to  conquer  the  Helvetians. 

Caesar  in  Galliam  properavit  ut  Helvetios  vinceret. 

6.  FUT.:     Caesar  will  hurry  into  Gaul  to  conquer  the  Helve- 

tians. 
Caesar  in  Galliam  properabit  ut  Helvetios  vincat. 

Past  with  reference  to  principal  verb: 

7.  PRES.:   Caesar  knows  what  his  soldiers  were  doing  (did,  had 

done) . 

Caesar  intellegit  quid  milites  fecerint. 
S.   PAST;     Caesar  knew  what  his  soldiers  had  done. 
Caesar  intellexit  quid  milites  fecissent. 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES— INDIRECT  QUESTIONS       41 

9.  FUT.  :     Caesar  will  know  what  his  soldiers  did  (were  doing, 

have  done). 
Caesar  intelleget  quid  milites  fecerint. 

INDICATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE 

Incomplete  Act  Completed  Act 

(Relatively  (Relatively 

Present  or  Future)  Past) 

Pres.  Pres.  Perf. 


PRINCIPAL  i  Future 

[  Future  Perf. 

f  Imp.  Imp.  Plup. 

HISTORICAL  \  Perf. 
I  Plup. 

Sometimes,  if  you  follow  the  rule  for  Sequence  of  Tenses, 
your  sentence  may  not  show  clearly  whether  the  Subjunctive 
of  incomplete  action  refers  to  relatively  present  or  future 
time.  For  instance,  in  the  sentence: 

Caesar  intellegit  quid  milites  faciant, 

according  to  the  rule  the  Present  Subjunctive  can  refer  to 
relatively  present  or  future  time  and  the  Latin  does  not  show 
which  is  referred  to. 

In  such  a  case,  whenever  there  might  be  any  doubt,  it  is 
better   to   use   the   First   Periphrastic   Conjugation   to   show 
clearly  that  the  dependent  clause  is  meant  to  refer  to  rela- 
tively future  time. 
PRES.:  Caesar  knows  what  his  soldiers  are  doing. 

Caesar  intellegit  quid  milites  faciant. 
but 

FUT.  :     Caesar  knows  what  his  soldiers  are  going  to  do  (will  do) . 
Caesar  intellegit  quid  milites  facturi  sint. 

PRES.:  Caesar  knew  what  his  soldiers  were  doing. 

Caesar  intellexit  quid  milites  facerent. 
but 
FUT.  :     Caesar  knew  what  his  soldiers  were  going  to  do  (would 

do). 
Caesar  intellexit  quid  milites  facturi  essent. 


42  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

If  you  learn  to  use  the  following  diagram,  it  will  help  you 
to  understand  the  relative  time  of  the  verbs  in  any  sentence 
and  the  tense  of  the  Infinitive  or  Subjunctive  to  use. 

Sentence  1  on  p.  40  should  be  diagrammed  in  this  way: 


PRESENT 


INDICATIVE 


PRESENT    x     SUBJUNCTIVE 

The  perpendicular  line  represents  real  present  time;  every- 
thing to  the  left  of  it  is  real  past  time,  and  to  the  right,  real 
future  time.  The  Subjunctive  is  put  below  the  horizontal 
line  because  it  expresses  time  only  with  reference  to  the  prin- 
cipal verb,  and  directly  below  the  other  cross  because  it  repre- 
sents relatively  present  time.  The  arrow  shows  its  time  is 
referred  to  the  time  of  the  principal  verb. 

Sentence  4  should  be  diagrammed  in  this  way: 

PRES.    |\    IND. 


PRES.  x  SUBJ. 

The  cross  below  the  line  is  put  to  the  right  of  the  cross 
above  to  show  that  the  Subjunctive  refers  to  relatively  future 
time. 

Sentence  7  should  be  diagrammed  in  this  way: 

X 

PRES.     /\  IND. 


PERF.  x  SUBJ. 

The  cross  below  the  line  is  put  to  the  left  of  the  cross  above 
to  show  that  the  Subjunctive  refers  to  relatively  past  time. 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES— INDIRECT  QUESTIONS      43 

Try  to  diagram  the  other  examples  in  the  same  way,  also 
the  sentences  you  translate. 


NOTES 

The  tenses  of  the  Indicative  are  divided  into  two  classes 
called  Principal  and  Historical. 

The  Historical  Tenses  are  the  tenses  that  are  used  in  a 
story  or  history;  that  is,  those  referring  to  past  time. 

The  Principal  tenses  refer  to  present  or  future  time. 

f  Present 
PRINCIPAL  \  Future 

I  Future  Perfect 

(  Imperfect 

HISTORICAL  1  Perfect  (usually) 
I  Pluperfect 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  express  either  incomplete 
or  completed  action.  , 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  that  express  incomplete  action 
are  the  Present  and  the  Imperfect. 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  that  express  completed  action 
are  the  Perfect  and  the  Pluperfect. 

An  action  that  is  thought  of  as  being  incomplete  at  the 
time  referred  to  by  the  principal  verb  must  be  relatively 
present  or  future. 

An  action  that  is  thought  of  as  being  completed  at  the 
time  of  the  principal  verb  must  be  relatively  past. 

The  Present  Subjunctive  is  used  after  Principal  Tenses  to 
denote  (1)  action  that  is  present  or  future  at  the  present  time, 
or  (2)  action  that  will  be  present  or  future  at  some  future  time. 

The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  is  used  after  Historical  Tenses 
to  denote  action  that  was  present  or  future  at  some  past  time. 


44  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

The  Perfect  Subjunctive  is  used  after  Principal  Tenses  to 
denote  (1)  action  that  is  past  at  the  present  time,  or  (2)  action 
that  will  be  past  in  the  future. 

The  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  is  used  after  Historical  Tenses 
to  denote  action  that  was  already  past  at  some  past  time. 

RELATIVE  TIME  OF  SUBJUNCTIVE  TENSES 

If  the  main  \ 

verb  is  /  PAST  PRESENT  FUTURE 

and  the  de-  1 

pendent 

verb  is 

relatively        J   Past.  pres.    Fut.     Past.  Pres.    Fut.       Past.  Pres.  Fut. 

you  must        1  '  " ' 

use  the  J   Plup.S.  Imp.  S.      Perf.  S.    Pres.  S.        Perf.  S.    Pres.  S. 


EXAMPLES 

He  shows  what  he  blames  in  him.  Quae  in  eo  reprehen- 
dat  ostendit.  B.  G.  1:20. 

At  the  same  time  he  makes  known  what  has  been  said  in 
his  presence  in  the  assembly  of  the  Gauls  about  Dumnorix. 
Simul  commonefacit  quae  ipso  praesente  in  concilio  Gallo- 
rum  de  Dumnorige  sint  dicta.  B.  G.  1:19. 

He  asked  what  was  the  reason  of  this.  Ejus  rei  quae 
causa  esset  quaesiit.  B.  G.  1:32. 

Indirect  Questions  are  always  used  as  nouns  and  occur 
often  as  the  Direct  Object  of  verbs  of  asking,  finding  out, 
etc. ;  also  in  Indirect  Discourse  as  Direct  Object  of  verbs  of 
saying,  thinking,  etc.,  representing  a  real  question  in  Direct 
Discourse. 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  are  used  according  to  the  rules 
given  above. 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES— INDIRECT  QUESTIONS       45 
VOCABULARY 

arrow,  sagitta,  sagittae,  f. 

ask,  quaere,  quaerere,  quaesivi,  quaesltum,  tr. 

before,  ante  (adv.  and  prep,  with  Ace.). 

collect,  confero,  conferre,  contuli,  collatum,  tr.  (com+fero). 

find,  find  out,  reperio,  reperire,  repperi,  repertum,  tr. 

get  ready,  prepare  for,  compare,  comparare,  comparavi,  com- 

paratum,  tr.  (com+paro). 
light,  lux,  lucis,  f. 

at  daybreak,  prima  luce. 
magistrate,  magistratus,  magistrates,  m. 
place,  locus,  loci,  m.     PL,  loca,  n. 
seize,  take,  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum,  tr. 
shield,  scutum,  scuti,  n. 

teach,  explain,  doceo,  docere,  docui,  doctum,  tr. 
whether,  num. 

who?,  what?,  (pro.),  quis?,  quid? 
(adj.),qui?,  quae?,  quod? 
why,  cur,  quid. 


ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  Who  dares  to  call  the  magistrates  together?  2.  You 
ask  who  dares  to  call  the  magistrates  together?  3.  We  kept 
asking  who  dared  to  call  the  magistrates  together.  4.  Why 
has  he  yielded  his  children  to  the  power  of  the  Roman  people  ? 
5.  I  will  explain  why — (Finish  and  translate).  6.  They 
explained  why — (Finish  and  translate).  7.  By  whom  were 
these  places  seized?  8.  I  cannot  find  out  by  whom — (Finish 
and  translate).  9.  You  found  out  by  whom — (Finish  and 
translate).  10.  By  whom  were  supplies  collected?  11.  I 
am  explaining  by  whom — (Finish  and  translate).  12.  We 
explained  by  whom — (Finish  and  translate).  13.  Why  will 
the  king  harm  his  friends?  14.  I  ask  why  the  king — (Finish 


46  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

and  translate).      15.  We  asked  why  the  king — (Finish  and 
translate). 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  The  magistrates  sent  the  auxiliaries  to  collect  grain,  but 
these  (men)  could  not  find  out  in  what  places  grain  had  been 
got  ready.  2.  I  know  that  before  daylight  the  town  was  easily 
taken  by  storm,  but  I  cannot  find  out  why  the  soldiers  did  not 
seize  the  shields  and  arrows.  3.  We  will  explain  why  the 
soldiers  (though)  men  of  great  valor  were  gradually  conquered 
in  a  cavalry  battle.  4.  I  will  not  ask  why  the  soldiers  did  not 
take  arms  at  the  arrival  of  the  enemy.  5.  You  have  explained 
for  what  reason  the  soldiers  were  fortifying  the  camp  by  a 
wall  six  feet  in  height.  6.  We  know  whether  the  soldiers  are 
going  to  set  out  toward  the  enemy  and  try  to  take  their  towns 
by  storm. 

* 
LESSON  XX 

DEPENDENT  CLAUSES  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  314,  1;  268,  2.  A.  580. 

G.  650,  509,  510,  511;  508,  4.      H.  643,  548. 


He  says  that  he  knows 
Dicit  se  scire 


EXAMPLES 

what  you  are  doing  (do),  quid  facias. 
what  you  have  done  (did),  quid  feceris. 
what  you  are  going  to  do,  quid  factu- 


rus  sis. 

He  says  that  he  knew  r  what  you  were  doing,  quid  faceres. 
Dicit  se  scivisse  I  what  you  did  (had  done), quid  fecisses. 

He  said  that  he  knew  1  what  you  were  going  to  do,  quid  factu- 
Dlxit  se  scire  I      rus  esses. 


DEPENDENT  CLAUSES  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE     47 

NOTES 

Dependent  clauses  in  Indirect  Discourse  regularly  stand  in 
the  Subjunctive. 

As  we  have  seen  before,  the  Present  and  the  Imperfect  refer 
to  time  that  is  relatively  present  or  future;  the  Perfect  and 
the  Pluperfect  to  time  that  is  relatively  past. 

The  sequence  is  Historical  (that  is,  the  Imperfect  and  the 
Pluperfect  are  to  be  used)  when  ever  the  principal  verb  in 
the  Indirect  Discourse  refers  to  real  past  time. 

In  other  words,  use  the  Imperfect  and  the  Pluperfect  Sub- 
junctive after  any  tense  of  Infinitive  or  Subjunctive  depending 
on  a  verb  of  saying  that  refers  to  past  time,  or  the  Perfect 
Infinitive  or  Perfect  Subjunctive  depending  on  a  verb  of  say- 
ing in  the  Present  Indicative. 

VERB  OF 

INFINITIVE.          SUBJUNCTIVE. 
SAYING. 

Present  \  .  I  Present  or  Perfect 

[  Future    J 

Present      Perfect       Imperfect  or  Pluperfect 
Present 

Imperfect  or  Pluperfect 


Past        J  Future 


[  Perfect 

f  Present  1 

Future   \  Future  \  Present  or  Perfect 

[  Perfect  J 

The  same  rules  apply  to  any  clause  depending  on  a  Sub- 
junctive or  an  Infinitive. 

VOCABULARY 

a  certain  one,  certain,  quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam. 
approach,  appropinquo,  appropinquate,  appropinquavi, 

appropinquatum,  int. 
bank,  ripa,  ripae,  f. 
from  all  sides,  undique 


48  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

gate,  porta,  portae,  f. 

if,  si. 

learn,  cognosce,  cognoscere,  cognovi,  cognitum,  tr. 

I  have  learned,  I  know,  cognovi. 
line  of  march,  agmen,  agminis,  n. 

rear,  novissimum  agmen. 

no  one,  nemo  .  .  .  Dat.,  nemim,  m.  (ne+homo). 
one,  unus,  una,  unum. 
remain,  maneo,  manere,  mansi,  mansum,  int. 

remaneo,  remanere,  remansi,  remansum,  int. 
scarcity,  inopia,  inopiae,  f.  (in+ops). 
wait,   await,  exspecto,  exspectare,  exspectavi,  exspectatum, 

tr.  (ex+specto,  look), 
winter,  hibernus,  hiberna,  hibernum. 

winter  quarters,  hiberna,  hibernorum,  n. 
winter,  hiems,  hiemis,  f. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  We  learned  that  no  one  had  approached  the  gate  which 
the  Romans  had  seized.  2.  We  learn  that  no  one — (Finish 
and  translate).  3.  Certain  (men)  had  ordered  the  soldiers 
to  approach  the  gate  from  all  sides  in  order  to  await  there 
the  arrival  of  the  commander.  4.  Certain  (men)  will  order 
the  soldiers — (Finish  and  translate).  5.  I  had  learned  that 
five  soldiers  would  wait  (to  see)  if  the  enemy  would  approach 
the  bank.  6.  You  will  learn  that — (Finish  and  translate). 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  He  said  that  before  daylight  the  soldiers,  influenced  by 
scarcity  of  grain,  would  go  out  of  camp  quickly  in  order  to 
get  supplies  ready.  2.  We  do  not  understand  why  no  one 
persuaded  the  soldiers  to  get  their  arrows  and  shields  ready. 
3.  They  say  that  the  king,  who  for  a  long  time  was  preparing 
for  war,  has  not  attacked  the  forces  of  the  enemy.  4.  Within 


REFLEXIVE   PRONOUN  SE  49 

two  days  the  commander  learned  that  the  army  which  had 
gone  out  of  winter  quarters,  had  already  met  the  enemy.  5. 
I  shall  tell  the  soldiers  to  march  quickly  toward  the  enemy 
who  approach  the  gates  of  the  town.  6.  We  say  that  no  one 
approached 'the  enemy,  who  were  going  to  attack  the  Romans 
while  they  were  at  a  disadvantage.  7.  I  say  that  in  the  early 
(part  of  the)  night  the  commander  sent  the  soldiers  who  were 
to  gather  grain.  8.  We  know  that  the  soldiers  who  were 
about  to  storm  the  town  were  all  killed. 


LESSON  XXI 

REFLEXIVE  PRONOUN  SE   AND   POSSESSIVE 
REFLEXIVE  SUUS 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  244,  I,  II.  A.  299,  300,  1,  2. 

G.  521,  R,  1;  522.  H.  503,  504. 

EXAMPLES 

They  said  that  they  wished  to  stay  with  him.  Remanere 
se  apud  eum  velle  dixerunt.  B.  G.  IV:  15. 

He  asserted  that  he  would  win  royal  power  for  them  with 
his  resources  and  his  army.  Se  suis  copiis  suoque  exercitu 
illis  regna  conciliaturum  confirmavit.  B.  G.  1:3. 

Caesar  said  that  he  would  take  them  under  his  power  and 
would  protect  them.  Caesar  sese  eos  in  fidem  recepturum 
et  conservaturum  dixit.  B.  G.  11:15. 

Caesar  asked  all  to  aid  him  with  grain.  (Caesar)  petit  ab 
his  omnibus  ut  se  frumento  juvent.  B,  G,  1:60. 


50  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

NOTES 

The  reflexive  pronoun  se  and  the  possessive  adjective 
suus  regularly  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  clause  in  which  they 
stand. 

If  the  clause  in  which  they  stand  expresses  the  thought  of 
the  subject  of  the  principal  clause,  as  is  the  case  in  Pur- 
pose Clauses,  Substantive  Volitive  Clauses,  and  Indirect  Dis- 
course, se  and  suus  may  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  principal 
verb. 

The  pronoun  of  the  third  person  in  Indirect  Discourse 
must  be  se  if  it  represents  the  first  person  in  Direct  Discourse. 

If  the  pronoun  of  the  third  person  in  Indirect  Discourse 
represents  the  second  or  the  third  person  in  Direct  Discourse, 
it  should  be  translated  by  is,  ea,  id. 

VOCABULARY 

afterwards,  postea  (post). 

bring,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  tr. 

building,  aedificium,  aedifici,  n.  (aedes+facio). 

farther,  ulterior,  ulterius  (ultra,  beyond). 

few,  pauci,  paucae,  pauca. 

garrison,  protection,  praesidium,  praesidi,  n. 

himself,  sui,  sibi. 

his,  suus,  sua,  suum. 

javelin,  pflum,  pili,  n. 

noble,  nobilis,  nobile. 

nobles,  nobiles,  nobilium,  m. 
part,  direction,  pars,  partis,  f. 
place,  station,  colloco,  collocare,  collocavi,  collocatum,  tr. 

(com+loco). 

strength,  force,  vis,  vis,  f.     PL,  physical  strength, 
the  day  before,  prldie  ejus  diei. 
under,  sub  (with  Ace,  and  AbL). 


POSSESSIVE  REFLEXIVE  SITUS  51 

use,  utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  int.  (with  Abl.). 
withstand,  sustineo,  sustinere,  sustinui,  sustentum,  tr.  (sub+ 
teneo). 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  He  knows  that  the  enemy  will  send  ambassadors  to  him, 
2.  The  enemy  sent  ambassadors  to  him.  3.  He  knew  that 
the  enemy  would  surrender  (fit.,  surrender  themselves).  4. 
He  commanded  the  soldiers  to  bring  aid  to  him.  5.  They 
sent  their  (men)  to  bring  aid  to  him.  6.  They  remained  with 
him.  7.  He  surrendered  hostages  to  them.  8.  They  defended 
themselves  and  their  children.  9,  They  asked  the  commander 
not  to  harm  them.  10.  He  said  that  he  would  not  injure 
their  friends. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  He  says  that  in  the  following  winter  he  placed  garrisons 
in  (only)  a  few  parts  of  Farther  Gaul.  2.  They  said  that  for 
one  winter  they  remained  under  the  protection  of  the  Roman 
people.  3.  He  says  that  within  a  few  days  he  will  station 
garrisons  near  the  vbank.  4.  He  says  that  he  will  withstand 
the  strength  of  the  enemy  if  they  assault  the  camp.  5.  They 
say  that  they  brought  from  all  sides  the  javelins  and  shields 
which  they  were  to  use.  6.  The  nobles  had  afterwards 
declared  that  the  common  people  were  to  remain  near  the 
ridge  in  order  to  bring  assistance  to  them.  7.  On  the  previous 
day  they  had  carried  their  javelins  into  the  camp,  which  had 
been  stationed  by  them  near  the  ridge.  8.  At  daybreak,  the 
soldiers,  men  of  great  valor,  withstood  the  strength  of  the 
enemy  in  order  to  defend  their  buildings  from  them. 


52 


LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 


LESSON  XXII 
REVIEW   OF   INDIRECT   DISCOURSE 

(See  Lessons  5,  18,  19,  20,  and  21). 


STATEMENTS 
Ace.  and  Inf. 


PRINCIPAL  CLAUSES 

IPres.  Inf.:  Time  relatively  present. 
Perf .  Inf. :   Time  relatively  past. 
Fut.  Inf.:    Time  relatively  future. 


QUESTIONS, 
Nom.  and  Subj- 


COMMANDS, 
Nom.  and  Subj. 


Princ.     r  Pres. :  Time  relatively  present  or 

future. 

Tenses    [Perf.:  Time  relatively  past. 
Hist.      [Imp.:  Time  relatively  present  or 

future. 
Tenses    [  Plup.:  Time  relatively  past. 


•I  Pres.:  Time  relatively  future.- 


Princ. 
Tense 

rp  \  Imp.:  Time  relatively  future. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


DEPENDENT  CLAUSES 

Princ.     r  Pres. :  Time  relatively  present  or 

J  future 

Tenses    [Perf.:  Time  relatively  past. 
Hist,      rlmp.:  Time  relatively  present  or 

J  future. 

Tenses    [  Plup. :  Time  relatively  past. 


Remember  that  in  Indirect  Questions  and  Dependent  Clauses 
whose   verb    is   in    the    Subjunctive,   the    First    Periphrastic 


REVIEW  OF  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE  53 

Conjugation  must  be  used  when  the  reference  is  to  relatively 
future  time,  and  the  Present  or  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive 
would  not  show  clearly  whether  the  time  referred  to  is  rela- 
tively present  or  future. 

VOCABULARY 

answer,  responded,  respondere,  respond!,  responsum,  tr. 

any,  ullus,  ulla,  ullunic 

arrive,  reach,  pervenio,  pervenire,  pervenl,  perventum,  int. 

(per+venio). 

danger,  trial,  periculum,  periculi,  n. 
finally,  tandem. 

memory,  memoria,  memoriae,  f.  (memor,  mindful), 
neighboring,  finitimus,  fmitima,  finitimum  (finis). 

neighbors,  finitimi,  finitimorum,  m. 
peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 

second,  successful,  secundus,  secunda,  secundum  (sequor). 
throw,  jacid,  jacere,  jgci,  jactum,  tr. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  He  answered  that  one  javelin  had  been  thrown.  2. 
He  informed  the  soldiers  that  many  javelins  were  to  be  thrown. 
3.  He  is  asking  why  javelins  have  been  thrown.  4.  I  did 
not  find  out  why  the  soldiers  did  not  use  their  javelins.  5. 
I  cannot  find  out  why  the  soldiers  did  not  use  their  javelins. 
6.  They  will  explain  why  the  soldiers  will  not  be  able  to  reach 
the  ridge  quickly.  7.  They  explained  why — (Finish  and 
translate).  8.  I  am  asking  why  they  are  not  going  to  attack 
the  enemy's  rear  line.  9.  I  asked  why — (Finish  and  trans- 
late). 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Finally  he  said  that  he  had  commanded  his  (men)  not 
to  compel  the  common  people  to  give  them  grain.  2.  After- 


54  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

wards  he  said  that  he  had  led  his  men  quickly  into  winter 
quarters  so  that  the  enemy  might  not  attack  (them).  3.  On 
account  of  his  memory  of  successful  battles  the  leader  an- 
swered that  he  could  lead  his  troops  through  the  .neighboring 
districts  without  any  danger. 


LESSON  XXIII 
ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  227,  1,  2,  a),  6),  c),  d),  e),  4.  A.  419,  <z;  420, 1,  2, 3, 4, 5. 

G.  409;  410,  R.  3.  H.  489,  1 

EXAMPLES 

He  could  not  take  it  by  storm  although  (only)  a  few  were 
defending  it.  Id  paucis  defendentibus  expugnare  non  potuit. 
B.  G.  11:12. 

They  made  an  attack  upon  them  with  drawn  swords. 
Gladils  destrictis  in  eos  impetum  fecerunt.  B.  G.  1:25. 

Demoralized  by  the  fear  that  they  would  be  punished  if. 
they  surrendered  their  arms.  Timore  perterriti  ne  armis 
traditis  supplicio  afficerentur.  B.  G.  1:27. 

NOTES 

The  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  Ablative  Absolute  is  not  used 
in  any  other  part  of  the  sentence. 

The  only  participles  used  in  the  Ablative  Absolute  are  the 
Present  Active  and  the  Perfect  Passive  Participles. 

The  Present  Active  Participle  refers  to  time  that  is  present 
with  reference  to  the  principal  verb;  the  Perfect  Passive 
Participle  refers  to  time  that  is  past  with  reference  to  the 
principal  verb. 


ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE  55 

As  the  Future  Participle  is  never  used  in  the  Ablative  Abso- 
lute, this  construction  cannot  refer  to  time  that  is  future 
with  reference  to  the  principal  verb. 

The  Ablative  Absolute  may  be  used  as  an  equivalent  of 
almost  any  dependent  expression  that  does  not  refer  to  the 
future. 

If  the  necessary  participle  would  be  the  Present  Participle 
of  the  verb  sum,  the  Ablative  Absolute  must  stand  without  a 
participle. 

VOCABULARY 

attack,  impetus,  impetus,  m. 

drive,  advance,  do,  ago,  agere,  egi,  actum,  tr. 

follow  up,  overtake,  consequor,  consequi,  consecutus  sum,  tr. 

follow  on,  pursue,  insequor,  insequi,  insecutus  sum,  tr. 

gain,  gain  control,  potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum,  int.  (Abl.). 

island,  insula,  insulae,  f. 

on  the  following  day,  postridie  ejus  die!  (dies). 

present,  praesens,  praesentis  (praesum). 

report,  renuntio,    renuntiare,   renuntiavi,  renuntiatum,  tr. 

(re+nuntio). 

rest  of,  remaining,  reliquus,  reliqua,  reliquum. 
shed,  vinea,  vineae,  f . 

testudo,  testudo,  testudinis,  f.  (lit.,  tortoise  shell), 
tower,  turris,  turris,  f . 
take  back,  recipio,  recipere,  recepi,  receptum,  tr.  (re+capio). 

retreat,  se  recipere. 
unwilling,  invitus,  invita,  invitum. 
village,  vicus,  vici,  m. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  After  a  bridge  was  made  Caesar  crossed  the  Rhine.  2. 
The  soldiers  left  camp  although  their  leader  was  unwilling. 
3.  If  the  baggage  is  left  behind  the  soldiers  can  march  more 
Quickly.  4.  By  seizing  the  higher  places  (lit.,  what?)  they 


56  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

drove  back  the  enemy.  5.  Because  the  enemy  has  been 
driven  back,  the  soldiers  remain  in  the  town.  6.  Having 
advanced  the  sheds,  the  soldiers  took  the  town  by  storm. 

7.  The  Romans  defeated  the  enemy  and  took  many  prisoners. 
(How  can  you  change  this  so  as  to  use  an  Ablative  Absolute  ?) 

8.  While  the  enemy  are  coming,  we  will  hasten  toward  the 
town.     9.  Although   the  enemy  are  storming  the  town,   the 
principal  men  do  not  wish  to  surrender  (lit.,  surrender  them- 
selves).    10.  If  the  Romans  come,  the  enemy  will  fight. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Having  made  a  testudo  he  drove  back  the  line  of  battle. 
2.  A  great  number  of  the  soldiers  advanced  the  towers  and 
threw  their  javelins  toward  the  buildings.  3.  When  a  few 
had  been  chosen,  the  rest  retreated  to  the  island.  4.  If  peace 
is  made,  we  will  not  try  to  storm  the  rampart  by  which  the 
camp  is  fortified.  5.  In  the  presence  of  the  leading  men,  the 
scouts  reported  that  the  enemy  had  gained  the  victory.  6. 
Against  the  will  of  the  leader,  the  soldiers  began  to  advance 
the  sheds  and  towers  which  they  had  made. 


LESSON  XXIV 
ABLATIVE   OF   COMPARISON 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  217,  1,  2,  3.  A.  406,  407,  c. 

G.  296,  R.  1,  a,  b,  2,  4;  398.       H.  471,  1,  3,  4. 

EXAMPLES 

The  condition  of  the  Sequanians  was  more  wretched  and 
more  serious  than  that  of  the  rest.  Esse  miseriorem  et  gra- 
viorem  fortunam  Sequanorurn  quam  reliquorum.  B.  G. 
1:32. 


ABLATIVE  OF  COMPARISON  57 

So  that  there  was  not  more  than  five  or  six  miles  between 
them  each  day.  Ut  non  amplius  qumis  aut  senis  milibus 
passuum  interesset.  B.  G.  1:15. 

An  approach  was  left  of  not  more  than  two  hundred  feet 
in  width.  Aditus  in  latitudinem  non  amplius  ducentorum 
pedum  relinquebatur.  B.  G.  11:29. 


NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Comparison  names  the  second  of  two 
persons  or  things  that  are  compared. 

It  can  be  used  only  in  place  of  quam  with  the  Nominative 
or  the  Accusative  and  occurs  most  frequently  in  negative 
sentences. 

Sometimes  plus,  minus,  longius,  amplius,  are  used  as  the 
equivalent  of  plus  quam,  etc.  In  that  case  the  name  of  the 
second  of  the  two  things  compared  is  put  in  the  case  that 
would  be  used  if  the  sentence  did  not  contain  the  comparative. 

Sometimes  plus,  minus,  etc.,  are  followed  by  the  Ablative 
of  Comparison. 

VOCABULARY. 

bring  back,  report,  refero,  referre,  rettuli,  relatum,  tr.  (re+ 
fero). 

retreat,  pedem  referre. 

fight,  pugno,  pugnare,  pugnavi,  pugnatum,  int. 
four,  quattuor. 

large,  amplus,  ampla,  amplum. 
keep,  hold,  teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  tentum,  tr. 

stay,  se  tenere. 

little,  small,  parvus,  parva,  parvum. 
opinion,  reputation,  opinio,  opinionis,  f.  (opinor,  think), 
send  ahead,  praemitto,  praemittere,  praemisi,  praemissum, 

tr.  (prae+mitto). 


58  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

send  back,  remitto,  remittere,  remisi,  remission,   tr.    (re+ 

mitto). 
sharp,  acer,  acris,  acre. 

fiercely,  acriter. 

than,  as,  how  (with  adj.  and  adv.),  quam. 
unless,  nisi. 
valley,  valles,  vallis,  f. 
victor,  victor,  victoris,  m.  (vinco). 
wound,  vulnero,  vulnerare,  vulneravi,  vulneratum,  tr.  (vul- 

nus). 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  They  advanced  more  than  six  sheds.  2.  We  will  march 
more  than  twenty  miles.  3.  They  had  not  wounded  more 
cavalry  than  infantry.  4.  We  remained  in  camp  for  less  than 
ten  days.  5.  The  enemy  did  not  march  more  quickly  than 
the  Romans.  6.  They  returned  to  camp  more  quickly  than 
anyone  expected  (lit.,  more  quickly  than  opinion).  7.  They 
did  not  surrender  more  hostages  to  the  Haeduans  than  to  the 
Romans.  8.  The  cavalry  will  not  withstand  the  attack 
longer  than  the  infantry. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  He  sent  more  than  four  cohorts  back  through  the  valley. 
2.  He  did  not  order  the  towers  to  be  sent  back  farther  than 
four  miles.  3.  For  more  than  four  hours  they  fought  bravely 
though  many  had  been  wounded.  4.  'I  know  that  unless  you 
fight  more  fiercely  than  the  Romans,  the  Romans  will  gain  a 
victory.  5.  Finally  the  Romans,  (being)  men  of  great  valor, 
gained  control  of  Gaul  in  less  than  ten  years.  6.  On  account 
of  the  scarcity  pf  grain  the  troops  were  sent  back  by  the  victor 
more  quickly  than  anyone  expected  (lit.,  more  quickly  than 
opinion.) 


ABLATIVE  OF  DEGREE  OF  DIFFERENCE  59 


LESSON   XXV 
ABLATIVE   OF   DEGREE   OF   DIFFERENCE 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  223.  A.  414. 

G.  403,  R.  H.  479,  1,  2. 

EXAMPLES 

The  cavalry  which  he  had  sent  in  advance  many  days  before. 
Equitatum  quern  multis  ante  diebus  praemiserat.  B.  G. 
VII:  9. 

The  other  road  led  through  our  province  (and  was)  much 
easier  and  quicker.  Alterum  (iter  erat)  per  provinciam  nos- 
tram  multo  facilius  atque  expeditius.  B.  G.  1:6. 

The  latter  in  turn  are  in  arms  a  year  later.  Hi  ruisus 
anno  post  in  armis  sunt.  B.  G.  IV :1. 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference  is  always  used  with 
a  comparative  or  a  word  that  suggests  comparison. 

The  comparative  tells  that  there  is  a  difference  between 
two  persons  or  things  and  the  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Differ- 
ence tells  the  amount  of  the  difference  between  them. 

The  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference  precedes  the  com- 
parative. 

VOCABULARY 

after,  post  (adv.  and  prep,  with  Ace.), 
again,  rursus. 
already,  jam. 


60  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

become  accustomed,  consuesco,  consuescere,  consuevl,  con- 
suetum,  tr. 

I  have  become  accustomed,  I  am  accustomed,  consuevi. 
daily,  cotidianus,  cotidiana,  cotidianum  (dies), 
endure,  perfero,  perferre,  pertuli,  perlatum,  tr.  (per+fero). 
enter,  ineo,  imre,  inii,  initum,  tr. 
however,  autem  (always  post-positive), 
keep,  prohibeo,  prohibere,  prohibui,  prohibitum,  tr.  (pro+ 

habeo). 

lay  waste,  populor,  popular!,  populatus  sum,  tr. 
vasto,  vastare,  vastavi,  vastatum,  tr. 

lead  back,  reduce,  reducere,  reduxi,  reductum,  tr.  (re+duco). 
sudden,  repentmus,  repentma,  repentmum. 
the  other,  alter,  altera,  alterum. 
training,  exercitatio,  exercitationis,  f.  (exerceo,  train). 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  one  wall  is  two  feet  higher  than  the  other.  2.  He 
came  ten  days  later.  3.  I  shall  not  remain  much  longer. 
4.  This  ditch  is  a  little  wider.  5.  The  one  ditch  is  three  feet 
wider  than  the  other.  6.  He  made  the  wall  four  feet  wider. 
7.  The  army  advanced  much  more  quickly.  8.  I  shall  make 
the  ditch  two  feet  deeper. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  A  few  days  before  the  victor  had  again  pursued  the 
enemy.  2.  On  account  of  the  danger,  which  was  much 
greater,  he  led  the  army  back  into  the  valley  within  a  few 
hours.  3.  A  little  later  they  made  a  testudo  and  again 
approached  the  wall.  4.  The  one  testudo  was  four  feet  wider 
than  the  other.  5.  On  the  day  before,  they  had  pursued 
the  troops  again  much  more  fiercely  than  they  were  accus- 
tomed. 6.  Three  days  later  he  made  peace  and  sent  men 
ahead  to  enter  the  town. 


DATIVE  OF  PURPOSE 


61 


LESSON  XXVI 
DATIVE   OF   PURPOSE 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  191,  1,  2.  A.  382. 


G.  356. 


H.  433. 


EXAMPLES 


He  sent  the  tenth  legion  as  an  aid  to  our  men.  Decimam 
legionem  subsidio  nostris  misit.  B.  G.  11:26. 

They  had  served  as  protection  for  the  baggage.  Praesidio 
impedimentis  fuerant.  B.  G.  11:26. 

Our  men  had  chosen  the  place  for  their  camp.  Locum 
nostri  castris  delegerant.  B.  G.  11:18. 

NOTES. 

The  Dative  of  Purpose,  like  other  expressions  of  purpose, 
much  refer  to  time  that  is  future  with  reference  to  the  prin- 
cipal verb. 

Consequently  it  refers  to  a  thing  that  does  not  exist,  but 
is  only  planned  for  at  the  time  of  the  principal  verb.  It 
cannot  refer  to  a  person. 

With  the  Dative  of  Purpose  there  is  often  used  a  second 
Dative,  which  names  the  person  with  reference  to  whom  the 
statement  is  true. 

This  second  Dative  is  called  the  Dative  of  Reference. 


VOCABULARY 

ask,  rogo,  rogare,  rogavi,  rogatum,  tr.  (Ace.  or  Sub.  Vol.  Cl.). 
assistance,  subsidium,  subsidi,  n. 
another,  other,  alius,  alia,  aliud. 
some  .  .  .  others,  alii  .  .  .  alii. 


62  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

back,  tergum,  tergi,  n. 

battle,  pugna,  pugnae,  f.  (pugno). 

each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque. 

fortification,  munitio,  mumtionis,  f.  (munio). 

house,  home,  domus,  domus,  f. 

at  home,  domi;  from  home,  domo;   (to)  home,  domum. 
narrow,  angustus,  angusta,  angustum  (ango,  choke), 
no,  nullus,  nulla,  nullum  (ne+ullus). 
pleading,  oratio,  orationis,  f.  (oro,  beg), 
send  away,  dimitto,  dimittere,  dimisi,  dimissum,  tr.   (dis+ 

mitto). 

siege,  obsidio,  obsidionis,  f.  (obsideo,  besiege), 
still,  nevertheless,  tamen. 
turn,  verto,  vertere,  verti,  versum,  tr. 

retreat,  terga  vertere. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  cavalry  will  be  a  guard  for  the  town.  2.  I  had 
chosen  a  place  for  a  camp.  3.  The  infantry  have  been  sent 
as  reinforcements  for  the  cavalry.  4.  Two  cohorts  will  be 
left  as  protection  for  the  baggage.  5.  The  cavalry  is  being 
sent  as  a  help  to  the  allies.  6.  The  soldiers  were  chosen  as 
protection  for  the  fortification. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  In  narrow  places  the  soldiers  will  not  be  a  help  to  their 
(companions).  2.  Without  any  training  we  cannot  be  of 
(lit.,  for)  assistance  in  (lit.,  for)  battle.  3.  The  cavalry  are 
sent  ahead  as  (lit.,  for)  protection  for  each  village.  4.  At 
the  fourth  hour  the  rest  of  the  soldiers  were  sent  ahead  as 
(lit.,  for)  protection  for  the  fortification.  5.  On  account  of 
the  siege,  no  soldiers  were  sent  away  as  protection  for  the 
homes  of  the  allies.  6.  Unless  a  state  of  great  influence  will 
send  soldiers  as  assistance  to  our  (men)  we  shall  not  be  able 
to  endure  the  dangers  of  a  siege. 


DATIVE   OF  AGENT  63 

LESSON    XXVII 
DATIVE   OF   AGENT 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  189,  1.  A.  374. 

G.  355.  H.  431. 

EXAMPLES 

Caesar  had  to  do  everything  at  once.  Caesari  omnia  uno 
tempore  erant  agenda.  B.  G.  11:20. 

The  Nervii  thought  they  ought  not  to  give  up  the  plan. 
Non  omittendurn  sibi  consilium  Nervii  existimaverunt. 
B.  G.  11:17. 

NOTES    ' 

The  Dative  of  Agent  is  regularly  used  with  the  Passive 
Periphrastic  Conjugation  and  is  usually  best  translated  into 
English  as  the  subject  of  the  Active  Voice  of  the  verb. 

VOCABULARY 

embassy,  legatiS',  legationis,  f.  (lego,  appoint  legally), 
flee,  fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  fugitum,  int. 
letter  (of  alphabet),  littera,  litterae,  f. 

letter  (epistle),  litterae,  litterarum. 
rumor,  rumor,  rumoris,  m. 

sally,  eruptio,  eruptionis,  f.  (erumpo,  burst  forth), 
see,  video,  videre,  vidi,  vlsum,  tr. 
stop,  desisto,  desistere,  destiti,  (de+sisto,  stand  still), 
throw  into  confusion,  perturbo,  perturbare,  perturbavi,  per- 

turbatum,  tr. 
torture,  cruciatus,  cruciatus,  m.  (crucio,  tor  cure). 


64  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  soldiers  had  to  make  another  sally.  2.  The  enemy 
ought  to  listen  to  the  embassy.  3.  At  the  same  time  each 
man  ought  to  send  a  letter.  4.  On  the  following  day  the 
soldiers  will  have  to  lay  the  fields  waste.  5.  The  embassy 
will  not  have  to  endure  tortures.  6.  At  the  fourth  watch  the 
commander  was  obliged  to  lead  the  soldiers  back.  7.  The 
army  ought  to  have  seen  the  enemy.  8.  The  leader  will  have 
to  send  many  soldiers.  9.  They  had  to  make  an  attack. 
10.  He  ought  not  to  have  listened  to  that  rumor. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  As  the  cohorts  had  been  thrown  into  confusion  by  another 
rumor,  the  leader  stopped  fighting  for  a  little  while,  for  he 
did  not  see  what  he  ought  to  do.  2.  On  the  day  before  they 
had  fought  bravely  with  their  weapons  for  much  more  than 
two  hours;  still  they  knew  that  a  few  hours  later  they  would 
have  to  make  another  attack  on  the  enemy.  3.  While  many 
were  fleeing  on  all  sides,  the  rest  reported  that  on  account  of 
the  scarcity  of  grain  they  would  have  to  march  many  miles 
into  Farther  Gaul.  4.  The  leader  informed  the  soldiers  that 
they  were  not  to  lay  waste  any  part  of  the  territory  unless  he 
said  that  they  ought  to  make  an  attack. 


DATIVE  OF  POSSESSION  65 

LESSON  XXVIII 
DATIVE   OF   POSSESSION 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

• 

B.  190.  A.  373. 

G.  349.  H.  430. 

EXAMPLES 

This  is  what  he  found  out:  that  merchants  had  no  oppor- 
tunity to  visit  them.  Sic  reperiebat:  nullum  aditum  esse  ad 
eos  mercatoribus.  B.  G.  11:15. 

He  said  that  he  could  have  no  friendship  with  them.  (Dixit) 
sibi  nullam  cum  his  amicitiam  esse  posse.  B.  G.  IV: 8. 

NOTES 

• 

The  Dative  of  Possession  is  always  the  name  of  a  person 
or  of  a  thing  that  is  thought  of  as  a  person. 

It  is  used  only  as  a  modifier  of  the  verb  sum. 

It  is  usually  best  translated  as  the  subject  of  the  verb  have 
with  the  subject  of  sum  translated  as  the  Direct  Object. 

VOCABULARY 

booty,  praeda,  praedae,  f. 
harbor,  portus,  portus,  m. 
join  together,  allow,  committo,  committere,  commisi,  com- 

missum,  tr.  (com  +  mitto)  (Ace.  or  Subs.  Vol.  CL). 
reward,  praemium,  praemi,  n. 
sick,  aeger,  aegra,  aegrum. 

with  difficulty,  aegre. 
sixth,  sextus,  sexta,  sextum  (sex). 


66  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

some  one,  aliquis,  aliquid. 

some  (adj.),  aliqui,  aliquae,  aliquod. 
tribe,  natio,  nationis,  f. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  No  harbor  has  narrow  fortifications.  2.  After  the  battle 
the  tribe  will  have  many  rewards.  3.  Some  one  has^  much 
booty.  4.  On  account  of  daily  training  the  others  have  great 
strength.  5.  Each  (man)  had  small  rewards.  6.  The  other 
tribe  has  small  harbors.  7.  Each  one  has  some  rewards.  8. 
The  soldiers  had  much  booty.  9.  He  has  an  army.  10.  The 
centurions  have  swords  and  javelins. 

WRITTEN    EXERCISE 

1.  At  the  sixth  hour  after  having  joined  battle,  the  soldiers 
approached  the  harbor,  which  had  narrow  fortifications.  2. 
Some  soldiers  asked  that  they  be  led  back  into  the  town, 
which  belonged  to  a  friendly  tribe.  3.  Within  six  days  they 
sent  men  ahead  to  inform  friendly  tribes  that  each  soldier 
was  to  have  rewards.  4.  At  the  same  time  the  leader,  who 
had  a  large  army,  with  great  difficulty  kept  his  (men)  from 
provoking  the  enemy  to  battle. 


LESSON  XXIX 

GERUND   AND    GERUNDIVE 

• 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  338,  1,  3;  339.  A.  501,  502,  503,  a;  504,  b;  506. 

G.  425,  426,  427;  428,  R.  2.       H.  621,  623,  626,  628. 

EXAMPLES 

He  had  learned  that  a  great  part  of  the  cavalry  had  been 
sent  by  them  to  plunder  and  get  grain.     Cognoverat  magnam 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE  67 

partem  equitatus  ab  els  praedandi  frumentandique  causa 
missam.     B.  G.  IV:  9. 

The  expression  of  purpose  might  have  been  written: 

(1)  praedandi  frumentandique  causa. 

(2)  ad  praedandum  frumentandumque. 

(3)  quae  praedaretur  frumentareturque. 

He  rushed  down  to  encourage  the  soldiers.  Ad  cohor- 
tandos  milites  decucurrit.  B.  G.  11:21. 

The  expression  of  purpose  might  have  been  written: 

(1)  Ad  cohortandos  milites. 

(2)  Militum  cohortandorum  causa. 

(3)  ut  milites  cohortaretur. 

A  mind  ready  for  a  decisive  fight.  Paratus  ad  dimican- 
dum  animus.  B.  G.  11:21. 

He  gave  the  signal  for  joining  battle.  Proeli  committendi 
signumdedit.  B.  G.  11:21. 

This  could  also  be  written:  Proelium  committendi  signum 
dedit,  but  the  former  is  more  common. 

Hoping  that  there  would  be  some  opportunity  for  fighting 
a  decisive  battle.  Sperans  fore  aliquam  dimicandi  faculta- 
tem.  B.  G.  VI:  7. 

NOTES 

The  Gerund  like  the  Infinitive  is  a  Verbal  Noun;  that  is, 
it  is  partly  noun  and  partly  verb. 

It  corresponds  to  the  English  Verbal  Noun  in  ing. 

Because  it  is  partly  verb  it  can  take  a  Direct  Object,  and 
because  it  is  partly  noun  it  is  used  like  a  noun  in  the  sentence 
in  which  it  stands. 

There  are  four  cases;  but  the  two  that  are  oftenest  used 
are  the  Genitive  and  the  Accusative. 


68  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

The  Genitive  of  the  Gerund  modifies  another  noun  or  an 
adjective;  the  Accusative  depends  upon  a  preposition.  , 

The  Gerundive,  like  any  other  adjective,  is  always  used  in 
agreement  with  some  noun  or  pronoun. 

Both  the  Gerund  and  the  Gerundive  are  often  used  in  ex- 
pressions of  purpose. 

Any  affirmative  expression  of  purpose  that  contains  a  verbal 
idea  may  be  translated  into  Latin  in  three  different  ways:  (1) 
by  the  Accusative  of  the  Gerund,  or  of  noun  (or  pronoun)  and 
Gerundive,  depending  on  the  preposition  ad;  (2)  by  the 
Genitive  of  the  Gerund,  or  of  noun  (or  pronoun)  and  Gerund- 
ive, depending  on  causa  and  always  preceding  it;  and  (3) 
by  either  an  ut-clause  or  a  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose. 

VOCABULARY 

be  obliged  to,  ought,  debeo,  debere,  debui,  debitum,  tr.  (de+ 

habeo). 

cause,  reason,  causa,  causae,  f. 
eagerness,  studium,  studi,  n.  (studeo,  desire), 
narrow  pass,  angustiae,  angustiarum,  f. 
opportunity,  facultas,  facultatis,  f.  (facio). 
or,  aut. 

either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut. 
point  out,  demonstro,  demonstrare,  demonstravi,  demonstra- 

tum,  tr. 
provide  for,  arrange  for,  cur6,   curare,  curavi,  curatum,  tr. 

(Ace.  with  Gerundive), 
reckless,  audax,  audacis. 
short,  brevis,  breve. 
then,  turn, 
whoever,  whichever,  quicumque,  quaecumque,  quodcumque. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  He  sent  soldiers  to  storm  the  town.  2.  No  one  has  an 
opportunity  to  make  (lit.,  of  making)  an  attack.  3.  We  shall 


ABLATIVE   OF  ACCOMPANIMENT  69 

arrange  for  building  a  bridge.  4.  You  will  set  out  to  en- 
courage the  soldiers.  5.  I  shall  arrange  for  making  a  sally. 
6.  The  embassy  had  an  opportunity  to  enter  (lit.,  of  entering) 
the  harbor.  7.  Within  a  short  time  the  embassy  entered  the 
town  to  bring  letters.  8.  The  leader  entered  the  town  to  join 
battle.  9.  The  soldiers  are  advancing  the  sheds  to  attack  the 
enemy.  10.  The  soldiers  who  are  advancing  to  attack  the 
enemy  are  (men)  of  great  valor. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  The  soldiers  were  informed  by  their  leader  that  when 
an  opportunity  of  making  an  attack  was  given  they  should 
either  kill  or  wound  many  ot  the  enemy.  2.  The  leader  said 
that  the  soldiers  ought  to  retreat;  still  in  a  short  time  the 
reckless  soldiers  set  out  to  get  (lit.,  make)  booty.  3.  As  no 
soldiers  had  been  wounded,  the  leader  wished  to  arrange  for 
making  a  sudden  sally.  4.  To  the  other  cohorts  I  shall  point 
out  that  as  no  opportunity  to  get  booty  has  been  given,  they 
ought  to  retreat  through  the  narrow  pass. 


LESSON  XXX 

ABLATIVES    OF   ACCOMPANIMENT  AND 
ATTENDANT   CIRCUMSTANCE 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  221;  222,  1.  A.  413,  a. 

G.  392,  R.  1.  H.  473,  1;  474,  n.  1. 

EXAMPLES 

Since  Caesar  was  only  about  five  miles  away  with  his  army. 
Cum  Caesar  cum  exercitu  circiter  milia  passuum  quinque 
abesset.  B.  G.  11:13. 


70  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

He  ordered  Labienus  to  march  to  the  highest  ridge  of  the 
mountain  with  two  legions.  Labienum  cum  duabus  legioni- 
bus  summum  jugum  mentis  ascendere  jubet.  B.  G.  1:21. 

They  hastened  against  Caesar's  camp  with  all  their  troops. 
Ad  castra  Caesaris  omnibus  copiis  contenderunt.  B.  G.  11:7. 

With  the  consent  of  all  they  sent  ambassadors  to  /Caesar. 
Omnium  consensu  legates  ad  Caesarem  miserunt.  B.  G. 
11:28. 

They  could  accomplish  this  undertaking  less  easily  under 
our  rule.  Minus  facile  earn  rem  nostro  impend  consequi 
poterant.  B.  G.  11:1. 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Accompaniment  always  names  a  person  or 
a  concrete  thing. 

The  preposition  cum  must  be  used,  except  in  military 
expressions,  where  the  noun  is  modified  by  any  adjective 
except  a  numeral.  In  these  expressions  the  preposition  may 
be  omitted. 

The  Ablative  of  Attendant  Circumstance  always  names  a 
thing  and  denotes  figurative  accompaniment. 

It  names  a  thing  that  is  associated  with  an  action  but  has 
no  logical  connection  with  it. 

VOCABULARY. 

be  eager,  studeo,  studere,  studui,  int. 

command,  control,  imperium,  imperi,  n.  (impero). 

delay,  moror,  morari,  moratus  sum,  int. 

dense,  densus,  densa,  densum. 

district,  pagus,  pagi,  m. 

interval,  distance,  intervallum,  intervalli,  n.  (inter + vallum). 

set  forth,  state,  propono,  proponere,  proposui,  propositum,  tr. 

(pro+pono). 
thence,  inde. 


ABLATIVE   OF  ACCOMPANIMENT  71 

thing,  res,  rei,  f.  (translated  by  many  English  words). 

change  of  government,  novae  res. 
which  (of  two),  uter,  utra,  utrum. 
wish,  consent,  voluntas,  voluntatis,  f.  (volo). 
wood,  silva,  silvae,  f. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  leader  set  out  with  two  legions.  2.  I  shall  come 
with  all  my  troops.  3.  The  troops  delayed  near  their  town 
with  the  consent  of  their  leader.  4.  Under  the  control  of  the 
Romans  no  one  harmed  the  allies.  5.  You  have  followed 
the  enemy  at  a  great  distance.  6.  Caesar  attacked  the 
Helvetians  with  all  his  cohorts. 


WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Under  the  control  of  Caesar  the  districts  were  not  eager 
for  a  change  of  government.  2.  With  the  consent  of  the 
leader  some  (men)  hastened  to  reach  the  dense  woods.  3. 
The  whole  district  followed  the  enemy  thence  at  a  great 
distance.  4.  Having  delayed  a  little  while  near  the  wood 
with  two  legions,  he  was  eager  to  follow  the  enemy.  5.  Under 
the  control  of  the  Romans,  they  were  accustomed  to  keep  their 
(companions)  from  battle.  6.  He  sent  some  centurions ,  (who 
were)  men  of  great  valor,  with  one  legion  as  assistance  to  the 
rear;  however,  within  a  short  time  they  retreated. 


72  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

LESSON  XXXI 
ABLATIVE   OF   SPECIFICATION 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  226.  A.  418. 

G.  397.  H.  480. 

EXAMPLES 

All  these  tribes  differ  from  each  other  in  language,  customs, 
and  laws.  Hi  omnes  lingua,  mstitutis,  legibus  inter  se  dif- 
ferunt.  B.  G.  1:1. 

Their  strength  lies  in  infantry.  Pedestribus  valent  copiis. 
B.  G.  11:17. 

The  state  of  the  Bellovaci  excelled  in  number  of  men. 
(Civitas  Bellovacorum)  hominum  multitudine  praestabat. 
B.  G.  11:15. 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Specification  is  used  to  limit  a  verb  or  an 
adjective  in  a  statement  that  would  otherwise  include  too 
much. 

It  tells  in  what  respect  the  statement  is  true. 

VOCABULARY 

distance,  spatium,  spati,  n. 

down  from,  about,  concerning,  de  (with  Abl.). 

even,  quidem. 

not  .  .  .  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem  (the  word  to  be  emphasized 

is  put  between), 
excel,  praesto,  praestare,  praestiti,  praestitum,  int.   (prae+ 

sto). 


ABLATIVE  OF  SPECIFICATION  73 

horn,  wing  (of  an  army),  cornu,  cornus,  n. 

meeting,  concilium,  concili,  n. 

name,  nomen,  nominis,  n. 

old,  vetus,  veteris. 

prepare,  get  ready,  paro,  parare,  paravl,  paratum,  tr. 

put  together,  appoint,  determine,  constituo,  constituere,  c6n- 

stitui,  constitutum,  tr.  (com+statuo). 
right,  dexter,  dextra,  dextrum. 
subdue,  paco,  p^care,  pacavi,  pacatum,  tr.  (pax), 
yield,  retreat,  ced6,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum,  int. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  You  excel  all  in  valor.  2.  They  hastened  to  a  town 
named  Bibrax  (lit.,  in  name).  3.  They  had  excelled  all  in 
popularity.  4.  Their  strength  lies  (lit.,  they  are  strong)  in 
infantry.  5.  He  surpasses  his  friends  in  popularity.  6.  He 
sent  soldiers  to  the  number  of  a  hundred  (lit.,  a  hundred  in 
number) . 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  With  difficulty  they  followed  the  legions  for  many  miles 
to  a  town  named  (lit.,  in  name)  Bibrax.  2.  Not  even  the 
most  reckless  soldiers  could  excel  the  enemy  in  valor.  3. 
Soldiers  to  the  number  of  two  hundred  (lit.,  two  hundred  in 
number)  attacked  the  wall.  4.  I  shall  announce  that  whoever 
does  not  yield  to  the  enemy  in  valor,  is  to  be  ready  to  endure 
tortures.  5.  We  shall  point  out  that  an  attack  ought  to  be 
made  on  the  right  wing  by  those  who  excel  their  (companions) 
in  valor.  6.  He  determines  to  summon  a  meeting  at  a  town 
called  Bibrax  (lit.,  Bibrax  in  name)  (to)  which  all  are  to  go. 


74  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

LESSON  XXXII 
ABLATIVE   OF   MANNER 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  220,  1,  2,  3.  A.  412,  a,  b. 

G.  399.  H.  473,  3. 

EXAMPLES 

The  river  that  flows  very  slowly  through  the  territory  of 
the  Haeduans  and  Sequanians  into  the  Rhone.  Flumen 
quod  per  fines  Haeduorum  et  SSquanorum  in  Rhodanum 
influit  incredibili  lenitate.  B.  G.  1: 12. 

In  accordance  with  his  custom  Caesar  was  leading  six 
legions  light-armed.  Consuetudine  sud  Caesar  sex  legidnes 
expedites  ducebat.  B.  G.  II:  19. 

How  bravely.     Quanta  cum  virtute.     B.  G.  V:52. 

Part  were  captured  and  put  to  death  in  a  cruel  manner. 
Pars  deprehensa  cum  cruciatu  necabatur.  B.  G.  V:45. 

And  not  to  harass  the  Haeduans  unjustly.  Neve  Haeduos 
injuria  lacesseret.  B.  G.  1:35. 

NOTES 

The  Ablative  of  Manner  answers  the  question  "how?"  or 
"in  accordance  with  what?" 

The  noun  used  in  an  Ablative  of  Manner  is  always  an 
abstract  noun. 

The  preposition  cum  may  be  omitted  if  the  noun  is  modified 
by  an  adjective;  and  is  always  omitted  in  such  expressions  as 
injuria,  unjustly,  and  jure,  justly. 

In  all  other  cases,  it  must  be  expressed. 


ABLATIVE  OF  MANNER  75 

VOCABULARY 

alone,  solus,  sola,  solum. 

custom,  mos,  moris,  m. 

go  away,  discedo,  discedere,  discessi,  discessum,  int.  (dis+ 

cedo). 

hope,  spero,  sperare,  speravi,  speratum,  tr. 
injury,  wrong,  injuria,  injuriae,  f.  (jus). 

unjustly,  injuria. 

overpower,    opprimo,   opprimere,   oppressi,   oppressum,    tr. 
(ob+premo). 

premo,  premere,  press!,  pressum,  tr. 
speak,  loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum,  int. 
speed,  celeritas,  celeritatis,  f.  (celer). 
unharmed,  incolumis,  incolume. 

voluntarily,  sponte,  f.   (only  in  Abl.,  always  with  poss.  adj.). 
ultro 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  They  will  fight  very  bravely.  2.  They  retreated  quickly. 
3.  I  will  storm  the  town  voluntarily.  4.  The  leader  must  not 
kill  the  prisoners  unjustly.  5.  According  to  their  custom  they 
gave  hostages.  6.  He  harassed  the  allies  unjustly. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  The  leader  hoped  that  the  soldiers  would  voluntarily  go 
away  from  the  camp.  2.  The  Romans  tried  to  overpower 
their  allies  unjustly.  3.  The  soldiers  that  remained  unhurt, 
quickly  (lit.,  with  speed)  advanced  the  standards.  4.  The 
leader  determined  to  stop  fighting  voluntarily.  5.  The  old 
cohorts  with  their  leader's  consent  retreated  thence  with  great 
speed;  but  within  a  short  time  they  returned  to  overpower 
the  enemy,  6.  Thoroughly  frightened  by  towers  of  great 
height,  the  enemy  stopped  fighting  voluntarily;  but  a  little 
later  they  tried  to  make  an  attack  on  the  right  wing  with  their 
weapons. 


76  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

LESSON   XXXIII 
GENITIVE   OF   THE  WHOLE 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  201,  1,  2.  A.  346,  a,  1,  2,  4. 

G.  367.  H.  440,  3;  441,  442,  443. 

EXAMPLES 

Into  three  parts  one  of  which  the  Belgians  inhabit.  In 
partes  tres  quarum  unam  incolunt  Belgae.  B.  G.  1:1. 

Of  all  these  (tribes)  the  bravest  are  the  Belgians.  Horum 
omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae.  B.  G.  1:1 

He  noticed  that  the  enemy  was  leaving  sufficient  protection 
for  the  camp.  Animadvertit  hostes  castris  satis  praesidi 
relinquere.  B.  G.  111:23. 

NOTES 

The  Genitive  of  the  Whole  always  names  the  whole  of 
which  a  part  is  taken. 

It  modifies  nouns,  adjectives,  and  some  adverbs. 

VOCABULARY 

ambush,  insidiae,  insidiarum,  f. 

catch  sight  of,  conspicio,  conspicere,  conspexi,  conspectum, 

tr.  (com+specio). 
common,  communis,  commune, 
convenient,  commodus,  commoda,  commodum. 
enough,  satis, 
extend,  pertineo,  pertinere,  pertinui,  pertentum,  int.  (per+ 

teneo). 
friendship,  amicitia,  amicitiae,  f.  (amicus). 


GENITIVE  OF  THE  WHOLE  77. 

n  behalf  of,  pro  (with  Abl.). 
kindness,  beneficium,  benefici,  n.  (bene+facio). 
make  firm,  make  assert,  confirmo,  confirmare,  confirmavi, 

conflrmatum,  tr.  (com+firrnus). 
nothing,  nihil  (indec.) 

obtain  request,  impetro,  impetrare,  impetravi,  impetratum,  tr. 
sea,  mare,  maris,  n. 
voice,  vox,  vocis,  f. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  bravest  of  the  Helvetians  will  attack  the  wall.  2. 
A  part  of  the  common  embassy  came  to  the  conference.  3. 
They  have  not  enough  grain.  4.  The  allies  are  bringing  no 
grain.  5.  The  most  reckless  of  the  soldiers  attacked  the 
enemy.  6.  The  largest  of  the  towns  did  not  yield  to  the 
Romans. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  While  the  first  of  the  cohorts  were  retreating,  the  rest 
caught  sight  of  the  ambush.  2.  On  account  of  the  kindnesses 
of  the  Roman  people  enough  grain  was  sent  more  quickly  than 
any  one  expected.  3.  They  told  the  soldiers  that  enough 
grain  was  to  be  prepared  at  a  convenient  time.  4.  He  pointed 
out  that  the  leaders  had  obtained  their  request  that  peace 
and  friendship  should  be  made  with  the  bravest  of  the  states. 
5.  As  the  allies  were  bringing  no  grain,  the  leader  spoke 
with  them  about  the  rewards  which  the  states  had  obtained 
through  the  kindnesses  of  the  Romans.  6.  As  the  army 
excels  the  enemy  in  valor,  the  leader  is  preparing  to  send  the 
old  legions  to  march  many  miles  into  the  province. 


78  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

LESSON  XXXIV 
GENITIVE  AND  DATIVE  WITH  ADJECTIVES 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  204,  1;  192.  A.  349,  a,  6,  c\  384. 

G.  374,  359.  H.  450,  434. 

EXAMPLES 

Eager  for  waging  war.     Bellandi  cupidi.     B.  G.  1:2. 

Most  skilled  in  military  tactics.  Rei  militaris  peritissimus. 
B.  G.  1:21. 

He  was  friendly  to  the  Helvetians.  Helvetiis  erat  amicus. 
B.  G.  1:9. 

They  chose  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp.  Locum  idoneum 
castris  deligunt.  B.  G.  11:22. 

NOTES 

Latin  adjectives  with  which  the  Genitive  is  used  often 
correspond  to  English  adjectives  followed  by  the  preposition 
of. 

Latin  adjectives  with  which  the  Dative  is  used  often  corre- 
spond to  English  adjectives  followed  by  the  preposition  to 
or  for. 

VOCABULARY 

across,  trans  (with  Ace.). 

advance,   progredior,  progredi,  progressus  sum,  int.   (pr6+ 

gradior,  step). 

assault,  oppugnatio,  oppugnationis,  f.  (oppugno). 
death,  mors,  mortis,  f. 


GENITIVE  AND  DATIVE  WITH  ADJECTIVES           79 

eager,  cupidus,  cupida,  cupidum  (cupio,  wish)  (with  Gen.). 

eagle,  aquila,  aquilae,  f. 

military,  militaris,  militare  (miles). 

military  tactics,  res  militaris. 
shout,  clamor,  clamoris,  m. 
skilled,  peritus,  perita,  peritum  (with  Gen.), 
suitable,  idoneus,  idonea,  idoneum  (with  Dat.). 
take  away,  raise,  destroy,  tollo,  tollere,  sustuli,  sublatum,  tr. 
take  one's  stand,  consists,  consistere,  constiti,  int.   (com+ 

sisto). 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  I  am  not  eager  for  reward.  2.  He  is  choosing  a  place 
suitable  for  a  camp.  3.  They  were  skilled  in  waging  war. 
4.  He  advanced  to  the  town  nearest  to  the  province.  5.  I 
shall  send  soldiers  (who  are)  eager  to  make  an  attack  on  the 
enemy.  6.  The  army  advanced  to  a  place  suitable  for  fight- 
ing. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  (Being)  eager  to  fight  (lit.,  what?),  the  soldiers  will  take 
their  stand  at  a  short  distance  from  the  enemy.  2.  (Being) 
skilled  in  military  tactics,  they  obtained  their  request  that  an 
attack  should  not  be  made.  3.  I  stated  that  an  assault  must 
be  made  by  all  friendly  to  the  Romans.  4.  (Though)  eager 
for  the  booty,  all  are  taking  their  stand  in  ambush.  5.  The 
leader  commanded  all  that  were  skilled  in  military  tactics  to 
advance  toward  the  town  with  the  eagle.  6.  Influenced  by 
his  memory  of  kindnesses,  he  asserts  that  he  will  send  men 
friendly  to  the  Haeduans  as  an  assistance  to  (their)  towns. 


80  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

t 

LESSON  XXXV 
CAUSAL    CLAUSES   INTRODUCED   BY  CUM 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  286,  2.  A.  549. 

G.  586.  H.  598. 

EXAMPLES 

Since  the  Haeduans  could  not  defend  themselves  and  their 
possessions  from  them,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  Caesar. 
Haedui  cum  se  suaque  ab  els  defendere  non  possent  legates 
ad  Caesarem  mittunt.  B.  G.  1:11. 

They  reached  there  on  the  fourth  day  since  our  men  had 
been  unable  to  follow  them.  Die  quarto  pervenerunt  cum 
nostri  eos  sequi  non  potuissent.  B.  G.  1:26. 

As  the  tribe  and  name  of  the  Nervii  had  been  reduced  almost 
to  destruction,  the  older  men  sent  envoys  to  Caesar.  Prope 
ad  internecionem  gente  ac  nomine  Nerviorum  redacts, 
majores  natu  ISgatos  ad  Caesarem  miserunt.  B.  G.  11:28. 

NOTES 

Causal  Clauses  introduced  by  cum  always  have  their  verb 
in  the  Subjunctive. 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  are  used  according  to  the 
rule  for  Sequence  of  Tenses  given  in  Lesson  XIX. 

When  the  Subject  of  the  dependent  clause  is  the  same  as  the 
Subject  of  the  principal  clause,  it  is  usually  the  first  word  in 
the  sentence  with  the  dependent  clause  immediately  follow- 
ing it. 

An  Ablative  Absolute  may  be  used  in  place  of  a  Causal 
Clause  introduced  by  cum  if  it  complies  with  the  rules  given 
in  Lesson  XXIII. 


CAUSAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  CUM  81 

VOCABULARY 

conference,  colloquium,  colloqui,  n.  (colloquor,  confer), 
contend,  dimico,  dimicare,  dimicavi,  dimicatum,  int. 
departure,  profectio,  profectionis,  f.  (proficiscor). 
favorable,  aequus,  aequa,  aequum  (lit.,  level). 

opportunus,  opportuna,  opportunum. 
follow  closely  after,  subsequor,  subsequi,  subsecutus  sum,  tr. 

and  int.  (sub+sequor). 
rampart,  agger,  aggeris,  m. 
see  clearly,  perspicio,  perspicere,  perspexi,  perspectum,  tr. 

(per+specio). 
turn  about,  change,  converts,  convertere,  convert!,  conver- 

sum,  tr.  and  int.  (com+verto). 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  Since  the  soldiers  had  caught  sight  of  the  enemy,  they 
retreated  quickly.  2.  Since  the  town  has  been  taken  by 
storm,  the  principal  men  are  surrendering  (lit.,  surrendering 
themselves).  3.  Since  the  time  was  not  favorable  for  fighting, 
the  soldiers  staid  in  (lit.,  held  themselves  together  by  means  of) 
camp.  4.  Since  the  enemy  had  turned  (the  direction  of)  their 
march,  the  Romans  could  not  follow  closely.  5.  Since  the 
town  has  been  fortified,  the  enemy  cannot  take  (it)  by  storm. 
6.  Since  hostages  had  been  surrendered  to  the  Romans,  they 
were  willing  to  make  peace. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  Since  he  had  changed  his  course  (lit.,  road)  within  a 
short  time,  he  quickly  reached  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp. 
2.  Since  he  saw  clearly  why  the  enemy  had  changed  (the 
direction  of)  their  march,  he  spoke  with  his  lieutenants  about 
their  plans.  3.  Since  I  hope  that  they  will  advance  toward 
camp,  I  will  make  everything  ready  for  a  conference.  4. 
Since  a  rampart  has  been  made  by  the  soldiers  of  two  legions, 


82  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

the  leader  hopes  that  the  camp  cannot  be  destroyed.  5.  Since 
he  has  heard  that  the  towns  are  being  taken  by  storm,  the 
leader  will  send  men  of  great  valor  as  (lit.,  for)  an  aid  to  them. 
6.  Since  the  leader  had  spoken  with  his  (men)  before  his 
departure,  they  set  out  toward  the  army  of  the  enemy  to 
attack  (it)  in  a  favorable  place. 


LESSON  XXXVI 
CAUSAL    CLAUSES   INTRODUCED   BY   QUOD 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  286,  1.  A.  540. 

G.  540,  541.  H.  588,  I,  II. 

EXAMPLES 

The  Haeduans  repeatedly  came  to  complain  because  (as 
they  said)  the  Harudes  were  laying  waste  their  territory. 
Veniebant  Haedui  questum  quod  Harudes  fines  eorum 
popularentur.  B.  G.  1:37. 

He  complained  even  more  bitterly  because  (as  he  said)  he 
had  been  deserted.  Multo  etiam  gravius  quod  sit  destitutus 
queritur.  B.  G.  1:16. 

There  was  the  greatest  difficulty  because  on  account  of 
their  size  the  ships  could  not  be  anchored  except  in  deep 
water.  Erat  summa  difficultas  quod  naves  propter  magni- 
tudinem  nisi  in  alto  constitui  non  poterant.  B.  G.  IV:  24. 

NOTES 

Causal  Clauses  introduced  by  quod  have  their  verb  in  the 
Indicative  if  they  express  a  reason  that  the  writer  or  speaker 
asserts  is  true. 

They  have  their  verb  in  the  Subjunctive  if  they  express  a 


CAUSAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  QUOD  83 

reason  that  the  writer  or  speaker  is  merely  quoting  as  the 
reason  of  some  one  else. 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  are  used  according  to  the 
rule  for  Sequence  of  Tenses  given  in  Lesson  XIX. 

These  clauses,  as  a  rule,  do  not  stand  at  the  beginning  of 
the  sentence. 

VOCABULARY 

also,  quoque  (always  follows  word  it  emphasizes). 

carry  across,  transports,  transportare,  transportavi,  trans- 

portatum,  tr.  (trans + port 6). 
complain,  queror,  queri,  questus  sum,  int. 
grain,  frumentarius,  frumentaria,   frumentarium   (frumen- 
tum). 

supplies  of  grain,  res  frumentaria. 
land,  terra,  terrae,  f. 
on  this  account,  propterea  (propter). 

because,  propterea  quod  (always  with  Indie.), 
permit,  patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  tr.  (Acc.+Inf.). 
right,  jus,  juris,  n. 

justly,  jure. 

rise,  orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  int. 
ship,  navis,  navis,  f. 

suitable  for  burden,  onerarius,  oneraria,  onerarium  (onus, 
burden) . 

transport,  navis  oneraria. 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 

east,  oriens  sol. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  leader  complained  because  the  soldiers  were  unwill- 
ing to  fight.  2.  You  are  complaining  because  (as  you  say) 
you  have  no  grain.  3.  I  shall  change  my  course  (lit.,  road) 
because  the  enemy  is  following  closely.  4.  The  districts  were 
not  subdued  because  many  soldiers  had  been  killed.  5.  The 


84  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

transports  did  not  set  out  because  a  supply  of  grain  was  not 
ready.  6.  He  has  complained  because  in  his  opinion  the 
soldiers  are  not  ready  to  fight. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE 

1.  Supplies  of  grain  were  being  carried  to  Britain  because 
the  soldiers  who  were  on  the  island  had  no  grain.  2.  They 
complained  because  (as  they  said)  the  grain  supply  had  been 
taken  away.  3.  He  complains  because  (as  he  says)  they  have 
not  obtained  control  justly.  4.  I  shall  send  men  to  carry 
supplies  of  grain  across  to  the  transport  because  the  leader 
wishes  to  go  across  the  sea  toward  the  east.  5.  The  leader 
told  the  soldiers  that  they  were  to  march  many  miles  toward 
the  east  because  those  districts  had  not  been  subdued.  6. 
On  the  sixth  day  some  soldiers  complained  because  the 
tribunes  had  not  permitted  them  to  return  home. 


LESSON  XXXVII 

ADVERSATIVE    CLAUSES    INTRODUCED    BY   CUM 
AND   QUAMQUAM 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  309,  2,  3.  A.  549,  527. 

G.  587,  605.  H.  598,  586,  I. 

EXAMPLES 

For  in  this  entire  battle,  although  they  fought  from  the 
seventh  hour  to  nightfall,  no  one  could  see  a  single  enemy 
in  retreat.  Nam  hoc  toto  proelio  cum  ab  hora  septima  ad 
vesperum  pugnatum  sit,  aversum  hostem  videre  nemo 
potuit.  B.  G.  1:26. 

He  showed  that  though  the  man  had  neither  opportunity 
to  approach  him  nor  good  reason  for  asking,  he  had  secured 


ADVERSATIVE   CLAUSES  CUM   AND   QUAMQUAM          85 

these  rewards  through  the  kindness  of  the  senate.  (Docebat) 
ilium  cum  neque  aditum  neque  causam  postulandi  haberet, 
beneficio  senatus  ea  praemia  consecutum.  B.  G.  1:43. 

I  opposed  you  although  I  saw  that  my  ruin  involved  disaster 
to  the  state.  Tibi  obstiti  quamquam  videbam  perniciem 
meam  cum  calamitate  rel  publicae  esse  conjunctam.  Cic., 
in  Cat.  1:11. 

He  could  not  take  it  by  storm  though  (only)  a  few  were 
defending  it.  Id  paucis  defendentibus  expugnare  non  potuit. 
B.  G.  11:12. 

NOTES 

Adversative  Clauses  introduced  by  cum  always  have  their 
verb  in  the  Subjunctive.  See  Lesson  XIX  for  the  rule  for 
Sequence  of  Tenses. 

There  is  often  no  way  of  telling  an  Adversative  Clause  intro- 
duced by  cum  from  a  Causal  Clause  except  by  the  meaning 
of  the  sentence. 

Adversative  Clauses  introduced  by  quamquam  regularly 
have  their  verb  in  the  Indicative. 

An  Ablative  Absolute  may  be  used  in  place  of  an  Adversa- 
tive Clause  if  it  complies  with  the  rules  given  in  Lesson  XXIII. 

VOCABULARY 

and  .  .  .  not,  neque. 

neither  .  .  .  nor,  neque  .  .  .  neque. 
fleet,  classis,  classis,  f. 
past,  praeter  (with  Ace.). 

repair,  reficio,  reficere,  refeci,  refectum,  tr.  (re+facio). 
stop,  intermitto,    intermittere,    intermisi,    intermissum,    tr. 

(inter+mitto) . 

storm,  tempestas,  tempestatis,  f.  (tempus). 
think,  existimo,  existimare,  existimavi,  existimatum,  tr. 
puto,  putare,  putavi,  putatum,  tr. 


86  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

throw  back,  drive  back,  reicio,  reicere,  rejeci,  rejectum,  tr. 

(re+jacio). 
wind,  ventus,  venti,  m. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  Although  the  soldiers  are  brave,  they  have  been  defeated 
by  the  enemy.  2.  Although  the  storm  has  harmed  the  ships, 
they  can  be  repaired.  3.  Although  a  wind  had  arisen,  the 
ships  left  (lit.,  went  out  of)  the  harbor.  4.  Although*  the 
town  had  not  been  taken  by  storm,  the  enemy  surrendered. 
5.  Although  the  cohorts  were  fighting  bravely,  the  camp  was 
taken  by  storm.  6.  Although  the  soldiers  had  not  caught 
sight  of  the  enemy,  they  were  ready  to  fight. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  Although  the  fleet  had  been  driven  past  the  harbor, 
thirty  ships  that  were  unharmed  were  able  to  reach  land. 
2.  Although  a  severe  storm  had  arisen,  the  transports  were 
not  driven  back  to  land  by  the  wind.  3.  Although  the  enemy 
had  seized  the  eagle,  the  soldiers  fought  much  more  bravely 
than  they  were  accustomed.  4.  Although  the  soldiers  were 
contending  fiercely,  the  leader  saw  clearly  that  in  a  short  time 
they  would  stop  the  fight,  unless  he  permitted  them  to  re  treat. 
5.  Influenced  by  their  eagerness  for  making  an  attack,  the 
soldiers  are  following  closely,  although  they  think  that  the 
enemy  excels  them  in  valor.  6.  Although  they  had  not  heard 
the  shouts,  they  were  hastening  toward  the  fleet,  since  they 
thought  that  the  enemy  was  attacking  it. 


TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  CUM          87 

LESSON  XXXVIII 
TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED   BY  CUM 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  288,  I,  A,  B;  289.  A.  545,  546,  547. 

G.  580,  585.  H.  600,  I,  II,  1. 

EXAMPLES 

When  they  are  being  oppressed  by  injury  from  the  more 
powerful.  Cum  injuria  potentiorum  premuntur.  B.  G. 
VI:  13. 

At  the  time  when  Caesar  came  into  Gaul, the  leaders  of  the 
one  party  were  the  Haeduans;  of  the  other  the  Sequanians. 
Cum  Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  alterius  factionis  prmcipes 
erant  Haedui;  alterius  SequanL  B.  G.  VI:  2. 

When  Caesar  was  not  more  than  twelve  miles  away  from 
the  enemy,  ambassadors  returned  to  him.  Cassar  cum  ab 
hoste  non  amplius  duodecim  milibus  passuum  abesset,  ad 
eum  legati  revertuntur.  B.  G.  IV:  11. 

When  night  had  put  an  end  to  the  attack,  Iccius,  one  of 
the  Remi,  sent  to  him.  Cum  fmem  oppugnandi  nox  fecis- 
set,  Iccius  Remus  ad  eum  mittit.  B.  G.  11:6. 

When  these  answers  were  reported  to  Caesar,  for  the  second 
time  he  sent  ambassadors  to  Ariovistus.  His  responsis  ad 
Caesarem  relatis,  iterum  ad  eum  Caesar  legates  mittit. 
B.  G.  1:35. 

NOTES 

Temporal  Clauses  introduced  by  cum  always  have  their 
verb  in  the  Indicative  when  they  refer  to  real  present  or  future 
time. 


88  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

Cum-temporal  Clauses  referring  to  real  past  time  have  their 
verb  (1)  in  the  Indicative  if  they  are  used  to  date,  that  is, 
if  they  tell  merely  at  what  particular  time  something  hap- 
pened; (2)  in  the  Subjunctive  if  they  are  used  to  describe; 
that  is,  if  they  tell  under  what  circumstances  something 
happened. 

Of  course,  since  the  Subjunctive  is  used  only  in  cum-clauses 
referring  to  past  time,  only  the  Imperfect  or  Pluperfect  Sub- 
junctive can  be  used. 

An  Ablative  Absolute  may  be  used  in  place  of  a  cum- 
temporal  clause  if  it  complies  with  the  rules  given  in  Lesson 
XXIII. 

VOCABULARY 

body,  corpus,  corporis,  n. 

disaster,  calamitas,  calamitatis,  f. 

perceive,  sentio,  sentire,  sensi,  sensum,  tr.  (Acc.+Inf.). 

sight,  conspectus,  conspectus,  m.  (conspicio) . 

size,  magnitude,  magnitudinis,  f.  (magnus). 

take,  sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  tr. 

winter,  hiemo,  hiemare,  hiemavi,  hiematum,  int. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  When  they  had  made  an  attack  on  the  town,  the  enemy 
surrendered.  2.  When  you  fortify  the  camp,  the  enemy  will 
not  be  able  to  take  it  by  storm.  3.  When  the  ships  have  been 
repaired,  they  will  set  out  toward  Gaul.  4.  When  the  legions 
were  fighting,  the  enemy  retreated..  5.  When  Gaul  had  been 
subdued,  Caesar  returned  to  the  province.  6.  When  the 
army  had  been  defeated,  it  sought  safety  in  flight. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  When  they  perceived  that  they  must  endure  disaster, 
they  took  their  stand  in  sight  of  the  enemy.  2.  When  he  saw 


TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  POSTQUAM,  UT,  UBI  89 

which  soldiers  would  follow  closely,  then  he  hastened  to  the 
front  (lit.,  first)  line  of  battle.  3.  When  he  perceived  that  the 
soldiers  were  prepared,  he  chose  a  time  suitable  for  their 
departure.  4.  When  the  transports  had  been  repaired,  the 
soldiers  set  out  for  land  in  order  to  winter  in  Gaul.  5.  When 
they  had  prepared  everything  for  the  battle,  they  set  out 
toward  the  camp,  because  the  enemy  was  assaulting  it.  6. 
When  the  enemy  perceived  that  the  Romans  were  going  to 
winter  in  Gaul,  they  sent  an  army  as  protection  to  their  towns. 


LESSON  XXXIX 

TEMPORAL   CLAUSES   INTRODUCED   BY 
POSTQUAM,    UT,    UBI 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  287,  1,  2.  A.  543. 

G.  561.  H.  602,  2. 

EXAMPLES 

After  Caesar  had  come  there,  he  demanded  hostages,  their 
arms  and  the  slaves  who  had  fled  to  them.  E6  postquam 
Caesar  pervenit,  obsides,  arma,  servos  qui  ad  eos  perfugis- 
sent,  poposcit.  B.  G.  1:27. 

When  they  thought  they  were  prepared  for  this  course, 
they  burned  all  their  towns.  Ubi  jam  se  ad  earn  rem  para- 
tos  esse  arbitral!  sunt,  oppida  sua  omnia  incendunt.  B.  G. 
1:5. 

When  Caesar  reached  Brundisium  he  set  sail.  Caesar  ut 
Brundisium  venit,  naves  solvit.  B.  G.  111:6. 

NOTES 

Temporal  Clauses  introduced  by  postquam,  ut  or  ubi 
regularly  take  the  Perfect  Indicative  when  they  express  an 


90  LATIN   PROSE*  EXERCISES 

action   that  happens   only   once.     They   never  refer  to  the 
present  or  the  future,  but  always  to  the  past. 

VOCABULARY 

confer,  colloquor,  colloqui,  collocutus  sum,  int.  (com+loquor). 
demand,  postulo,  postulare,  postulavi,  postulatum,  tr.  (Subs. 

Vol.  Cl.). 

father,  pater,  patris,  m. 
foresee,  provide  for,  provideo,  providere,  prSvidl,  provisum, 

tr.  (pro+video). 
near,  propinquus,  propinqua,  propinquum. 

kinsman,  propinquus,  propinqui,  m. 
slavery,  servitus,  servitutis,  f.  (servus,  slave), 
wander,  vagor,  vagarl,  vagatus  sum,  int. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  After  the  tribe  had  wandered  for  many  miles,  it  returned 
to  (its)  home.  2.  Whenever  the  enemy  were  defeated,  they 
retreated  quickly.  3.  After  the  enemy  had  surrendered, 
Caesar  demanded  hostages.  4.  After  the  wind  had  harmed 
the  ships,  the  soldiers  returned  to  the  land.  5.  Whenever  the 
leader  wished  to  retreat,  the  soldiers  were  willing  to  follow. 
6.  When  the  children  had  wandered  from  home,  their  father 
called  them  back. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  After  the  ships  had  been  driven  back  to  land  by  the 
wind  the  soldiers  were  able  to  repair  (them).  2.  When  they 
had  retreated  to  a  favorable  place,  they  sent  scouts  across  the 
the  river.  3.  After  he  had  stopped  the  battle,  according  to 
his  custom  he  -announced  that  his  (men)  were  not  to  take 
arms  again.  4.  When  they  foresaw  that  within  a  few  days 
they  would  have  no  grain,  they  advanced  into  the  territory  of 
the  enemy.  5.  When  they  had  conferred  with  their  kinsmen 


TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  DUM  91 

about  their  disasters,  they  said  that  the  soldiers  must  stop  the 
battle.  6.  After  he  saw  that  the  enemy  excelled  in  valor,  he 
commanded  his  (followers)  to  stop  the  fight,  although  they 
had  not  endured  great  disasters. 


LESSON  XL 
TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  DUM 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES 

B.  293,  I,  II,  III,  1,  2.  A.  553,  554,  555,  556. 

G.  569,  570,  571,  572.  H.  603,  I,  II,  1,  2;  604,  1. 

EXAMPLES 

While  this  was  going  on  among  the  Veneti,  Quintus  Titurius 
Sabinus  reached  the  territory  of  the  Venelli.  Dum  haec  in 
Venetis  geruntur,  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus  in  fines  Venellorum 
pervenit.  B.  G.  111:17. 

As  long  as  they  were  quite  far  away  from  the  fortification. 
Dum  longius  a  munitione  aberant.  B.  G.  VII: 82. 

Caesar  determined  that  he  ought  not  to  wait  until  the 
Helvetians  should  reach  the  territory  of  the  Santoni.  Caesar 
non  exspectandum  sibi  statuit  dum  in  Santonos  Helvetii 
pervemrent.  B.  G.  1:11. 

I  am  waiting  until  I  find  this  out.  Opperior  dum  ista  cog- 
nosco.  Cic.  ad  Att.  X.  3. 

NOTES 

If  dum  means  while,  it  always  takes  the  Present  Indicative. 

If  dum  means  as  long  as,  it  may  take  any  tense  of  the 
Indicative. 

If  dum  means  until,  it  takes  (1)  the  Indicative  if  it  refers 
merely  to  time;  (2)  the  Subjunctive  if  it  refers  to  something 
anticipated. 


92  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

If  it  takes  the  Subjunctive,  the  tenses  will  be  used  according 
to  the  rule  for  Sequence  of  Tenses  given  in  Lesson  XIX. 


VOCABULARY 

as  great,  as,  how  great,  quantus,  quanta,  quantum. 

beginning,  initium,  initi,  n.  (ineo). 

exertion,  labor,  laboris,  m. 

fierce,  ferus,  fera,  ferum. 

fortune,  fortuna,  fortunae,  f.  (fors,  chance). 

inhabit,  dwell,  live,  incolo,  incolere,  incolui,   incultum,  tr. 

and  int. 

keep,  hold,  teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  tentum,  tr. 
keep   back,   keep,    retineo,    retinere,    retinui,  retentum,  tr. 

(re+teneo). 
perpetual,  unbroken,  perpetuus,  perpetua,  perpetuum. 

forever,  perpetuo. 

separate,  divide,  dividere,  divisi,  divisum,  tr. 
so  great,  tantus,  tanta,  tantum. 
within,  intra  (with  Ace.), 
work,  opus,  operis,  n. 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  As  long  as  the  soldiers  fight  bravely,  the  enemy  will  not 
be  able  to  take  possession  of  the  camp.  2,  I  will  not  make  a 
sally  until  I  catch  sight  of  the  enemy.  3.  While  the  cohorts 
were  advancing,  the  enemy  attacked  (them).  4.  They  were 
not  willing  to  surrender  until  they  were  defeated.  5.  As  long 
as  the  soldiers  stay  in  camp,  the  enemy  cannot  attack  them. 
6.  He  fought  until  the  enemy  surrendered. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  While  they  were  taking  arms  terrified  by  the  stature 
(lit.,  size  of  the  bodies)  of  the  Gauls,  the  enemy  was  approach- 
ing the  army.  2.  While  they  were  gathering  as  much  grain 


SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  QUOD       93 

as  they  could  conveniently  carry,  they  saw  many  fierce  men. 

3.  His  kinsmen  did  not  even  request  him  to  wait  (lit.,  that 
he  should  wait)  until  he  provided  for  the  common  danger. 

4.  At  that  time  they  had  waited  until  the  enemy  went  within 
the  town.     5.  While  he  was  approaching  the  works,  he  sent 
men  to  attack  a  neighboring  town,  which  was  inhabited  by 
men  much  fiercer  than  their  neighbors.     6.  Since  he  foresaw 
that  this  would  be  the  beginning  of  great  exertions,  he  deter- 
mined to  wait  until  he  knew  how  zealous  (lit.,  of  what  zeal) 
his  (followers)  were. 

LESSON  XLI 
SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY  QUOD 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  299,  1.  A.  572. 

G.  525,  1,  2.  H.  588,  3. 

EXAMPLES 

To  this  opinion  along  with  other  reasons  this  reason  too 
led  them — namely,  that  they  knew  Divitiacus  and  the  Haeduans 
were  approaching  the  territory  of  the  Bellovaci.  Ad  earn 
sententiam  cum  reliquis  causis  haec  quoque  ratio  eos 
deduxit  quod  Divitiacum  atque  Haeduos  fmibus  Bellova- 
corum  appropinquate  cognoverant. ,  B.  G.  11:10. 

Suddenly  another  disadvantage  also  made  itself  evident — 
namely,  that  Domitius  had  left  him  to  get  grain.  Accessit 
etiam  ex  improvise  aliud  incommodum  quod  Domitius  rei 
frumentariae  causa  ab  eo  discesserat.  B.  G.  111:79. 

They  did  this  more  easily  for  a  great  part  of  the  summer 
for  the  reason  that  our  ships  were  detained  by  the  storms. 
Haec  eo  facilius  magnam  partem  aestatis  faciebant  quod 
nostrae  naves  tempestatibus  detinebantur.  B.  G.  111:12. 


94  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

NOTES 

These  clauses  are  often  used  as  Subject  of  a  verb  or  in 
apposition  with  a  pronoun,  hoc,  illud,  or  id  in  the  Nominative, 
the  Accusative,  or  the  Ablative. 

They  are  also  often  used  in  apposition  with  the  nouns 
causa,  res,  and  ratio. 

Their  verb  is  always  in  the  Indicative. 

The  verbs  of  which  they  are  the  Subject  are  called  Im- 
personal Verbs 

VOCABULARY 

be  added,  accedit,  accedere,  accessit  (ad+cedo). 

between,  inter  (with  Ace.). 

chance,  casus,  casus,  m.  (cado,  fall). 

complete,  exhaust,  bring  to  end,  conficio,  conficere,  confeci, 

confectum,  tr.  (com+facio). 
demand,  posco,  poscere,  poposci,  tr. 
experience,  usus,  usus,  m.  (utor). 
happen,  accidit,  accidere,  accidit  (ad+cado). 
heavy,  severe,  ill,  gravis,  grave. 
order,  rank,  ordo,  ordinis,  m. 
reason,  plan,  ratio,  rationis,  f.  (reor,  think). 

ORAL  EXERCISE 

1.  Besides  (lit.,  it  was  added  that)  the  ranks  were  thrown 
into  confusion.  2.  This  reason  will  influence  the  soldiers: 
that  their  leader  has  demanded  hostages.  3.  It  happened 
that  the  war  had  been  brought  to  an  end.  4.  They  defeated 
the  enemy  more  easily  for  the  reason  (lit.,  because  of  this) 
that  their  leader  was  not  brave.  5.  It  happened  that  the 
enemy  had  attacked  the  rampart.  6.  Besides  the  soldiers 
had  received  severe  wounds. 


ADVERBIAL  CLAUSES  OF  RESULT  95 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  This  reason  influenced  the  Romans:  that  the  enemy  had 
attacked  the  camp.  2.  It  happened  by  chance  that  the 
enemy  had  not  gone  out  of  camp.  3.  Besides  the  soldiers 
of  the  fifth  legion  were  men  of  great  valor.  4.  The  soldiers 
could  nevertheless  drive  back  these  fierce  (men)  more  easily 
for  the  reason  that  they  excelled  them  in  the  theory  (lit.,  plan) 
and  practice  (lit.,  experience)  of  war.  5.  Besides  they  advanced 
in  sight  of  the  camp  to  demand  their  (companions).  6.  It 
happened  that  they  had  sent  men  skilled  in  the  theory  and 
practice  of  war  as  a  protection  to  their  (companions). 


LESSON  XLII 
ADVERBIAL   CLAUSES   OF   RESULT 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  284,  1;  268,  6.  A.  537,  1;  485,  c. 

G.  552,  1,  2;  513.  H.  570,  550. 

i    - 

EXAMPLES 

Such  a  change  in  affairs  took  place  that  our  men  renewed 
the  battle.  Tanta  rerum  commutatio  est  facta  ut  nostri 
proelium  redintegrarent.  B.  G.  11:27. 

It  flows  very  slowly  so  that  one  cannot  decide  by  looking 
at  it  in  which  direction  it  moves.  Influit  incredibili  lenitate 
ita  ut  oculis  in  utram  partem  fluat  judicari  non  possit.  B. 
G.  1:12. 

Their  minds  were  so  ready  for  fighting  that  (the  enemy) 
lacked  time  not  only  to  put  on  their  insignia,  but  even  to 
adjust  their  helmets.  (Fuit)  tarn  paratus  ad  dimicandum 
animus  ut  non  modo  ad  insignia  accommodanda  sed  etiam 
ad  galeas  induendas  tempus  defuerit.  B.  G.  11:21. 


96  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

A  very  high  mountain  commanded  the  road  so  that  very 
few  could  easily  block  the  way.  Mons  altissimus  impendebat 
ut  facile  perpauci  prohibere  possent.  B.  G.  1:6. 


NOTES 

Adverbial  Clauses  of  Result  usually  modify  adjectives  or 
adverbs,  sometimes  verbs. 

In  Result  Clauses  the  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  with  one 
exception  are  used  according  to  the  rules  for  Sequence  of 
Tenses  given  in  Lesson  XIX. 

This  exception  is  the  Perfect  Subjunctive. 

In  Result  Clauses  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  is  used  after 
Secondary  Tenses  to  tell  that  the  action  expressed  by  the 
verb  merely  happened,  while  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  after 
Secondary  Tenses  tells  that  the  action  expressed  by  the  verb 
was  continued. 

This  corresponds  to  the  use  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  in 
principal  clauses  to  tell  merely  that  an  action  happened,  while 
the  Imperfect  Indicative  tells  that  it  was  continued. 

Sometimes  either  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  or  the  Imperfect 
Subjunctive  may  be  used  in  the  same  Result  Clause;  but  re- 
member that  the  difference  in  tense  makes  a  difference  in 
meaning. 

The  negative  is  ut  non.   , 

•  * 
VOCABULARY 

commission,  entrust,  tnando,  mandare,  mandavi,  mandatum, 

tr.  (Ace.  or  Subs.  Vol.  Cl.+Dat.). 
judge,  judico,  judicare,  judicavi,  judicatum,  tr 
so,  in  this  way,  ita. 
sic. 

so,  tarn  (with  adj.  and  adv.). 
tribe,  genus,  generis,  n. 


ADVERBIAL  CLAUSES  OF  RESULT  97 

ORAL    EXERCISE 

1.  The  leader  demanded  so  many  hostages  that  the  states 
did  not  wish  to  give  them:  2.  They  fought  so  bravely  that 
the  enemy  was  conquered.  3.  You  contended  so  fiercely  that 
they  wished  to  bring  the  war  to  an  end.  4.  The  river  was  so 
deep  that  the  soldiers  could  not  cross.  5.  He  had  defeated 
the  enemy  so  that  they  were  willing  to  surrender.  6.  The 
soldiers  killed  such  a  large  number  of  the  enemy  that  the  rest 
surrendered  immediately. 

.       WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  For  many  years  the  state  of  the  Haedui  was  so  powerful 
(lit.,  of  such  great  influence)  that  it  compelled  all  the  tribes 
of  Gaul  to  endure  ill  fortune.  2.  Many  tribes  were  demoral- 
ized by  fear  so  that  (there  were)  only  two  tribes  (that)  did 
not  begin  to  flee  (lit.,  make  a  beginning  of  fleeing).  3.  Within 
a  short  time  they  were  so  demoralized  by  the  experience  of 
the  Gauls  that  they  fled  (lit.,  entrusted  themselves  to  flight). 
4.  The  river  that  separates  the  camp  from  the  hill  is  so  deep 
that  the  soldiers  did  not  dare  to  cross  it  until  ships  were 
brought.  5.  He  judged  that  the  tribes  had  been  in  unbroken 
friendship  with  (lit.,  of)  the  Romans  so  that  they  had  the 
rights  of  allies.  6.  When  he  had  taken  so  many  towns  that 
the  whole  province  was  subdued,  he  informed  all  that  they 
were  to  surrender  (lit.,  surrender  themselves). 


98  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

LESSON   XLIII 
SUBSTANTIVE   RESULT   CLAUSES 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 
B.  297,  1,  2.  A.  568,  569,  1,  2. 

G.  554,  3.  H.  571,  1,  3. 

EXAMPLES 

Though  twelve  ships  had  been  lost,  he  arranged  so  that 
he  could  sail  in  the  rest  very  easily.  Duodecim  navibus 
amissis  reliquis  ut  navigari  satis  commode  posset  effecit. 
B.  G.  IV:31. 

He  arranged  the  exchange  of  hostages.  Obsides  uti  inter 
se  dent  perficit.  B.  G.  1: 19. 

The  same  night  it  happened  that  the  moon  was  full.  Eadem 
nocte  accidit  ut  lima  esset  plena.  B.  G.  IV:  29. 

Besides  they  withstood  the  storm  more  easily.  Accedebat 
ut  tempestatem  ferrent  facilius.  B.  G.  111:13. 

NOTES 

These  are  used  as  Direct  Object  of  verbs  of  accomplishing 
(efficio,  perficio)  or  as  Subject  of  some  other  verbs  (accidit, 
accedit). 

VOCABULARY 

bring  about,  efficio,  efficere,  effeci,  effectum,  tr.  (ex+facio). 
perficio,  perficere,  perfeci,  perfectum,  tr.  (per+ 

f  acio) . 

entreat,  oro,  orare,  oravi,  oratum,  tr.  (Subs.  Vol.  Cl.  with  Ace.), 
nature,  natura,  naturae,  f. 
road,  via,  viae,  f. 
show,  point  out,  ostendo,  ostendere,  ostendi,  ostentum,  tr. 


VERBS  OF  FEARING  99 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  It  happened  that  the  enemy  had  not  enough  grain.  2. 
He  brought  it  about  that  they  went  by  the  nearest  road.  3. 
It  happened  that  they  had  sent  the  hostages  home.  4.  Besides 
(lit.,  it  was  added  that)  the  camp  had  been  taken.  5.  He 
made  (lit.,  brought  it  about  that)  the  soldiers  seem  brave. 
6.  It  happens  that  they  have  left  their  baggage. 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  In  the  same  way,  I  shall  bring  it  about  that  the  soldiers 
will  not  be  led  against  the  enemy.  2.  Besides  the  soldiers 
wished  to  retreat  when  they  heard  of  the  disaster.  3.  You 
brought  it  about  that  the  army  went  out  of  camp  because 
they  were  eager  for  fighting.  4.  He  commissioned  his  allies 
to  send  men  to  defeat  the  neighboring  tribes;  for  they  (hie) 
had  brought  it  about  that  the  towns  had  been  taken  by  storm. 
5.  Since  he  pointed  out  how  great  a  war  had  been  brought 
to  an  end  by  their  allies,  he  brought  it  about  that  they  did 
not  fight  again.  G.  Although  the  allies  were  not  fighting 
bravely,  the  leader  brought  it  about  that  the  enemy  could  not 
withstand  the  attack  of  the  soldiers. 


LESSON  XLIV 
VERBS   OF   FEARING 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES 

B.  296,  2.  A.  564. 

G.  550,  1,2.  H.  567,  1. 

t 

EXAMPLES 

They  said  from  time  to  time  that  they  were  afraid  that 
grain  could  not  be  brought  to  them  very  easily.     Rem  fru- 


100  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

mentariam  ut  satis  commode  supportari  posset,  timere 
dicebant.  B.  G.  1:39. 

(He  said)  that  he  was  afraid  that'  he  might  be  surrounded 
by  him  through  treachery.  Vereri  se  ne  per  msidias  ab  eo 
circumvemretur.  B.  G.  1:42. 

Since  each  was  bearing  aid  to  the  other  and  they  were  not 
afraid  that  they  would  be  surrounded  by  the  enemy  in  re- 
treat. Cum  aliis  alii  subsidium  ferret  neque  timerent  ne 
aversi  ab  hoste  circumvemrentur.  B.  G.  II:  26* 

NOTES 

Verbs  of  fearing  are  often  completed  by  an  ut-clause  or  a 
ne-clause  which  is  used  as  a  Direct  Object. 

The  tenses  of  the  Subjunctive  are  used  according  to  the  rules 
for  Sequence  of  Tenses  given  in  Lesson  XIX. 

After  verbs  of  fearing  ne  always  means  that  and  ut  means 
that  not. 

VOCABULARY 

anyone,  quisquam,  quidquam  (only  in  negative  sentences), 
fear,  timeo,  timere,  timui,  tr.  (timer). 

vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum,  tr. 
liberty,  libertas,  libertatis,  f.  (liber). 
seacoast,  maritimus,  maritima,  maritimum. 
.true,  verus,  vera,  verum. 

ORAL   EXERCISE 

1.  The  leader  feared  that  the  ranks  of  the  army  would  be 
driven  back.  2.  I  fear  that  the  enemy  will  not  send  rein- 
forcements. 3.  They  .feared  that  the  town  would  be  taken 
by  storm,  4.  The  states  fear  that  the  army  will  flee.  ,5. 
We  fear  that  there  will  not  be  enough  grain.  6.  You  had 
feared  that  the  legions  would  be  defeated. 


VERBS  OF  FEARING  101 

WRITTEN   EXERCISE 

1.  We  did  not  fear  that  the  common  people  would  be  eager 
for  liberty,  2.  I  fear  that  you  will  not  point  out  by  which 
road  the  enemy  went.  3.  At  the  same  time  he  informed  the 
embassy  that  no  one  feared  that  the  town  would  be  taken 
by  storm.  4.  All  feared  that  the  army  would  assault  the 
town  in  which  they  had  collected  all  their  (possessions).  5. 
All  the  seacoast  states  feared  that  they  would  not  obtain  their 
liberty  unless  they  fought  much  more  fiercely  that  they  were 
accustomed.  6.  They  did  not  fear  that  the  enemy  would 
begin  to  fight  (lit.,  make  a  beginning  of  fighting);  and  so 
they  hastened  to  camp,  a  place  fortified  by  nature. 


SUMMARY   OF    CONSTRUCTIONS 


I.  Complements  of  Verbs. 

1.  Direct  Object. 

a.  Accusative Lesson  I 

b.  Infinitive  without  Subject    .  Lesson  IV 

c.  Infinitive  with  Subject    .     .  Lesson  V 

d.  Substantive  Volitive  Clause.  Lesson  XVII 

e.  Indirect  Command     .     .     .  Lesson  XVIII 
/.   Indirect  Question  ....  Lesson  XIX 
g.  Substantive  Result  Clause   .  Lesson  XLIII 
h.  Clause  with  Verbs  of  Fearing.  Lesson  XLIV 

2.  Indirect  Object Lesson  II 

3.  Predicate  Noun  and  Adjective    .  Lesson  III 

II.  Expressions  of  Time. 

1.  Noun  Constructions. 

a.  Accusative    of    Duration    of 

Time Lesson  VII 

b.  Ablative  of  Time  When  .     .  Lesson  VIII 

c.  Ablative     of     Time    Within 

Which Lesson  IX 

2.  Verb  Constructions. 

a.  Ablative  Absolute      .     .     .  Lesson  XXIII 

b.  Cum-temporal  Clauses  .     .  Lesson  XXXVIII 

c.  Ut,  ubi,  postquam-clauses  .  Lesson  XXXIX 

d.  Dum-clauses     .....  Lesson  XL 

103 


104  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

III.  Expressions  of  Agent. 

1.  Ablative  of  Agent Lesson  X 

2.  Dative  of  Agent Lesson  XXVII 

IV.  Expressions  of  Cause. 

1.  Noun  Constructions. 

a.  Ablative  of  Cause  ....  1 
6.  Propter  with  the  Accusative.  ]Lesson  xn 
.    2.  Verb  Constructions. 

a.  Ablative  Absolute       .     .     .     Lesson  XXIII 

b.  Cum-causal  Clauses  .     .     .     Lesson  XXXV 

c.  Quod-causal  Clauses.     .     .     Lesson  XXXVI 

V.  Expressions  of  Purpose. 

1.  Noun  Constructions. 

a.  Dative  of  Purpose.     .     .     .     Lesson  XXVI 

2.  Verb  Constructions. 

a.  Adverbial  Clauses  of  Pur- 

pose       Lesson  XIII 

b.  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose.  Lesson  XIV 

c.  Causa  with  Genitive  .     .     .  Lesson  XXIX 

d.  Ad+ Gerund  or  Gerundive  .  Lesson  XXIX 


VI.  Volitive  Subjunctives. 

1.  Adverbial  Clauses  of  Purpose.     .  Lesson  XIII 

2.  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose    .     .  Lesson  XIV 

3.  Substantive  Volitive  Clauses  .     .  Lesson  XVII 

4.  Indirect  Commands      ....  Lesson  XVIII 

5.  Dum-clauses  ,,.,..,  Lesson  XL 


SUMMARY  OF  CONSTRUCTIONS  105 

VII.  Indirect  Discourse. 

1.  Principal  Clauses. 

a.  Indirect  Statements   .     .     .  Lesson  V 

b.  Indirect  Commands  .     .     .  Lesson  XVIII 

c.  Indirect  Questions     .     .     .  Lesson  XIX 

2.  Dependent  Clauses Lesson  XX 

3.  Reflexive  Pronoun Lesson  XXI 

VIII.  Substantive  Clauses. 

1.  Accusative  and  Infinitive   .     .     .  Lesson  V 

2.  Substantive  Volitive  Clauses.       .  Lesson  XVII 

3.  Indirect  Commands      ....  Lesson  XVIII 

4.  Indirect  Questions Lesson  XIX 

5.  Quod-clauses Lesson  XLI 

6.  Substantive  Result  Clauses    .     .  Lesson  XLIII 

7.  Clauses  with  Verbs  of  Fearing     .  Lesson  XLIV 


WORDS    GOVERNING    SPECIAL 
CONSTRUCTIONS 


I.  DATIVE  OF  INDIRECT  OBJECT Lesson  II 

1.  Dative  alone. 

accidit,  happen 
appropinqu6,  approach 
cedo,  yield 
licet,  be  permitted 
noceo,  harm 
occurro,  meet 
praesto,  excel 
praesum,  be  at  head  of 
resisto,  resist 
studeo,  be  eager 

2.  Dative  and  Accusative. 

committo,  entrust 
dedo,  surrender 
do,  give 
mfer6,  wage 
mando,  hand  over 
permitto,  yield 
praeficio,  put  at  head  of 
reddo,  return 
respondeo,  answer 
trado,  surrender 

106 


WORDS  GOVERNING  SPECIAL  CONSTRUCTIONS    107 

3.  Dative  and  Substantive  Volitive 

Clause Lesson  XVII 

impero,  command 
mando,  commission 
permitto,  allow 
persuaded,  persuade 

II.  VERBS  WITH  PREDICATE  NOUN  OR  ADJECTIVE 

Lesson  III 

1.  Transitive. 

appelld,  name 
due  6,  consider 
facio,  make 
habeo,  consider 

2.  Intransitive. 

fio,  become 
sum,  be 

III.  INFINITIVE  WITHOUT  SUBJECT Lesson  IV 

1.  Infinitive  as  Direct  Object. 
audeo,  dare 
coepi,  begin 
conor,  try 

constituo,  determine 
consuesco,  become  accustomed 
debeo,  ought 
desisto,  stop 
instituo,  undertake 
nolo,  be  unwilling 
possum,  be  able 
volo,  wish 

IV.  VERBS  WITH  INFINITIVE  AND  SUBJECT  .     .     Lesson  V 

1.  As  Direct  Object, 
audio,  hear 
cognosco,  learn 


108  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

1.  As  Direct  Object — Continued. 
cogo,  compel 
confirmo,  assert 
demonstro,  point  out 
dico,  say 
doceo,  explain 
existimo,  think 
intelleg6,  understand 
jubeo,  order 
nuntio,  announce 
ostendo,  show 
patior,  permit 
polliceor,  promise 
pronuntio,  declare 
puto,  think 
refero,  report 
renunti6,  report 
reperio,  find  out 
responded,  answer 
scio,  know 
sentio,  perceive 
sper6,  hope 
video,  see 

V.  VERBS  WITH  ABLATIVE  OF  MEANS.     .     .    Lesson  XI 
potior,  gain  control  of 
utor,  use 

VI.  VERBS  WITH  SUBSTANTIVE  VOLITTVE  CLAUSE 

Lesson  XVII 

1.  Clause  only. 

cohortor,  urge 
committo,  allow 
constituo,  determine 
hortor,  encourage 
impetro,  obtain  a  request 


WORDS  GOVERNING  SPECIAL  CONSTRUCTIONS    109 

1.  Clause  only — Continued. 

oro,  entreat 
patior,  permit 
peto,  ask 
postulo,  demand 
*  provided,  provide 
rogo,  ask 

2.  Clause  with  Accusative. 

cohortor,  encourage 
hortor,  urge,  encourage 
moneo,  advise 

3.  Clause  with  Dative. 

impero,  command 
mando,  commission 
permitto,  allow 
persuadeo,  persuade 

VII.  VERBS  WITH  INDIRECT  COMMAND.      .     Lesson  XVIII 

certiorem  facio,  inform,  tell 
nuntio,  announce 
pronuntio,  declare 

VIII.  VERBS  WITH  INDIRECT  QUESTION.     .     .     Lesson  XIX 

cognosce,  learn 
constituo,  determine 
demonstro,  point  out 
dico,  say 
doceo,  explain 
exspecto,  wait 
intellego,  understand 
nuntio,  announce 
ostendo,  show 
propono,  state 
provideo,  foresee 


110  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

IX.  ADJECTIVES  WITH  GENITIVE  AND  DATIVE. 

Lesson  XXXIV 

1.  With  Genitive. 

cupidus,  eager 
peritus,  skilled 

2.  With  Dative. 

amicus,  friendly 
flnitimus,  neighboring 
idoneus,  suitable 
propinquus,  near 

X.  SUBSTANTIVE  RESULT  CLAUSES.       .     .     Lesson  XLIII 

1.  As  Direct  Object. 

efficio,  bring  about 
perficio,  bring  about 

2.  As  Subject. 

accidit,  happen 
accedit,  it  is  added 


VOCABULARY 


about  (adv.),  circiter 

about  (prep.).     See  down  from 

accomplish.     See  make 

across,  trans  (with  Ace.) 

advance  (tr.).     See  bring  and  drive 

advance  (int.),  progredior,  progredi,  progressus  sum 

advise,  moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitum 

after  (adv.  and  prep,  with  Ace.),  post 

after  (conj.),  postquam 

afterwards,  postea 

again,  rursus 

a  little,  paulum 

gradually,  paulatim 
all,  omnis,  omne.    See  also  whole 
ally,  socius,  soci,  m. 
alone,  only,  solus,  sola,  solum 
already,  jam 
also,  too,  quoque 
although,  cum,  quamquam 
ambassador,  lieutenant,  legatus,  legati,  m. 

embassy,  legatio,  legationis,  f. 
ambush,  insidiae,  insidiarum,  f. 
among,  in  the  presence  of,  apud  (with  Ace.) 
and,  et,  que 
and  also,  atque 
and  .  .  .  not,  neque 

neither  .  .  .  nor,  neque  .  .  .  neque 

111 


112  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

and  so,  itaque 
announce,  nuntio,  1. 

declare,  pronuntio,  1. 

report,  renuntio,  1. 

messenger,  nuntius,  nunti,  m. 
another,  alius,  alia,  aliud 

answer,  respondeo,  respondere,  respond!,  responsum 
any,  ullus,  ulla,  ullum 

no,  nullus,  nulla,  nullum 
anyone,  quis,  quid 

quisquam,  quidquam 

appoint,  determine,  constituo,  constituere,  constitui,  constitutum 
approach,  appropinquo,  1. 
arise,  rise,  orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum 
army,  exercitus,  exercitus,  m. 

training,  exercitatio,  exercitationis,  f. 
arms,  arma,  armorum,  n. 
arrange,  marshal,  undertake,  Instituo,  Instituere,  mstitui,  institu- 

tum 

arrange  for.     See  provide  for 
arrival.     See  come 
arrow,  sagitta,  sagittae,  f. 
as.     See  how 

as  much,  as  great  as.     See  how  great 
as  long  as.     See  while 
ask,  seek,  peto,  petere,  petivi,  petitum 
ask  (a  question),  quaere,  quaerere,  quaesivi,  quaesitum 

request,  rogo,  1. 
assault.     See  fight 
assert.     See  make  firm 
assemble  (int.).     See  come 
assistance,  auxilium,  auxili,  n. 

auxiliaries,  reinforcements,  auxilia,  auxiliorum,  n. 
assistance,  subsidium,  subsidi,  n. 
at  daybreak.     See  light 
at  the  same  time,  sirnul 
attack  (noun),  impetus,  impetus,  m. 
attack  (verb),  aggredior,  aggredi,  aggressus  sum 


VOCABULARY  113 

authority,  influence,  auctoritas,  auctoritatis,  f. 
auxiliaries.     See  assistance 
away.     See  wait 

back,  tergum,  tergl,  n. 

baggage.     See  foot. 

bank,  ripa,  ripae,  f. 

barbarians,  barbari,  barbarorum,  n. 

battle,  proelium,  proell.     See  also  fight 

be,  sum,  esse,  ful,  futurus 

be  able,  can,  possum,  posse,  potui 

have  great  influence,  multum  posse 

be  at  head  of,  praesum 

be  away,  absum,  abesse,  afui;  part.,  absens 
be  added.     See  yield 
be  accustomed.     See  become  accustomed 
be  eager,  studeo,  studere,  studui 

eagerness,  zeal,  studium,  studi,  n. 
be  made.     See  make 
be  obliged.     See  have 
be  permitted,  licet,  licere,  licuit 
be  strong,  valeo,  valere,  valui,  valiturus 

have  great  influence,  multum  valere 
be  unwilling.     See  wish 
be  willing.     See  wish 
because,  quod,  propterea  quod 
because  of.     See  on  account  of 

become  accustomed,  consuesco,  consuescere,  consuevi,  consue- 
turn 

be  accustomed,  consuevi 

custom,  consuetude,  consuetudinis,  f. 
before  (adv.  and  prep,  with  Ace.),  ante 
begin,  coepi,  coepisse,  coeptum. 
beginning.     See  go  into 
behooves,  oportet,  oportere,  oportuit 
between,  inter  (with  Ace.) 
body,  corpus,  corporis,  n. 
booty,  praeda,  praedae,  f. 


114  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

both.    See  each  of  two 
boundary,  finis,  finis,  m. 

territory,  fines,  finium,  m. 
boy,  puer,  pueri,  m. 

children,  pueri,  puerorum 
brave,  fortis,  forte 

bravely,  fortiter 
break  (camp).     See  move 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
bring,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum 

bring  in,  wage,  advance,  infero 

collect,  confero 

endure,  perfero 

report,  refero,  referre,  rettuli,  relatum 

take  away,  raise,  destroy,  tollo,  tollere,  sustuli,  sublatum 
bring  about.    See  make 
bring  to  end.    See  make 
building.    See  make 
but,  sed 
by.     See  from 

call,  appello,  1. 

call  together,  summon,  convoc6,  1. 

camp,  castra,  castrorum,  n. 

can.    See  be  able 

carry  across,  transports,  1. 

carry  on,  do,  wage,  gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestum 

catch  sight  of,  conspicio,  conspicere,  conspexi,  conspectum 

sight,  conspectus,  conspectus,  m. 
cavalry  (adj.).     See  horse 
cavalry  (noun).     See  horse 
centurion.     See  hundred 
certain,  certus,  certa,  certum 

inform,  tell,  certiorem  facere 
certain,  quldam,  quaedam,  quoddam,  quiddam 
chance,  casus,  casus,  m. 
change.     See  turn 
change  of  government.    See  new 


VOCABULARY  115 

children,  liberi,  Hberum,  m.     Also  see  boy 

choose,  deligd,  deligere,  dSlSgi,  delSctum 

cohort,  cohors,  cohortis,  f. 

collect.     See  bring 

command,  impero,  1. 

command,  control,  imperium,  imperl,  n. 

commander.     See  lead 

come,  venio,  venire,  vSni,  ventum 

assemble,  convenio 

reach,  pervenio 

arrival,  adventus,  adventus,  m. 
common,  communis,  commune 
common  people,  vulgus,  vulgi,  n. 
commonwealth.     See  public 
commission,  entrust,  mando,  1. 
compel.     See  drive 

complain,  queror,  queri,  questus  sum 
confer.     See  speak 
conference.     See  speak 
conquer,  supero,  1. 

vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victum 
consent.     See  wish 
consider.     See  have  and  lead 
contend,  dimico,  1. 
control.     See  command 

convenient,  commodus,  commoda,  commodum 
country.     See  field 
cross.     See  go 

custom,  mos,  moris,  m.    See  also  become  accustomed 
daily,  cotidianus,  cotidiana,  cotidianum 
danger,  periculum,  periculi,  n. 
dare,  audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum 
day,  dies,  diei,  m. 

day  before,  pridie  Sjus  die! 

day  following,  postridie  ejus  diei 
daybreak.     See  light 
daylight.     See  light 
death,  mors,  mortis,  f. 


116  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

declare.     See  announce 

deep,  high,  altus,  alta,  altum 

depth,  height,  altitude,  altitudinis,  f. 
defend,  defendo,  defendere,  defend!,  defensum 
delay,  moror,  morari,  moratus  sum 
demand,  postulo,  1. 

posed,  poscere,  poposci 
demoralize.     See  terrify  thoroughly 
dense,  densus,  densa,  densum 
departure.     See  set  out 
depth.    See  deep 
destroy.     See  bring 
determine.     See  appoint 
difficulty.     See  sick 
direction.     See  part 
disadvantage.     See  foot 
disaster,  calamitas,  calamitatis,  f. 
distance,  spatium,  spati,  n.     Also  see  rampart 
district,  pagus,  pagi,  m. 

regie,  regionis,  f. 
ditch,  fossa,  fossae,  f. 
do.     See  make,  drive  and  carry  on 
down  from,  about,  de  (with  Abl.) 
drive,  do,  advance,  ago,  agere,  egi,  actum 

assemble,  gather,  compel,  cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coactum 
drive  back,  pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsum 

repello,  repellere,  reppuli,  repulsum 
drive  back.     See  throw 
duty.     See  make 

each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque,  quodque 
each  (of  two),  uterque,  utraque,  utrumque 
eager,  cupidus,  cupida,  cupidum 
eagerness.    See  be  eager 
eagle,  aquila,  aquilae,  f. 
easy,  facilis,  facile 
east.     See  sun 
eight,  octo 


VOCABULARY  117 


either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut 
embassy.     See  ambassador 
endure.     See  bring 
enemy,  hostis,  hostis,  m. 
enough,  satis 
enter.     See  go 
entreat,  oro,  1. 

pleading,  oratio,  orationis,  f. 
entreaties,  preces,  precum,  f. 
entrust.     See  commission 

excel,  praesto,  praestare,  praestiti,  praestitum 
excite.     See  move 
exertion,  labor,  laboris,  m. 
exhaust.     See  make 

exhausted,  defessus,  defessa,  defessum 
experience.     See  use 
explain,  doceo,  docere,  docui,  doctum 
extend.     See  hold 

farther  (adj.),  ulterior,  ulterius 
farther  (adv.),  amplius,  longius,  plus 
favorable,  aequus,  aequa,  aequum 

opportunus,  opportuna,  opportunum 
fear,  timor,  timoris,  m. 
fear,  timeo,  timere,  timui 

vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum 
few,  pauci,  paucae,  pauca 
field,  country,  ager,  agrl,  m. 
fierce,  ferus,  fera,  ferum 
fiercely.     See  sharp 
fifth,  quintus,  quinta,  quintum 
fight,  pugno,  1. 

fight,  battle,  pugna,  pugnae,  f. 

assault,  storm,  oppugno,  1. 
assault,  oppugnatio,  oppugnationis,  f. 

take  by  storm,  expugno 
finally,  tandem 
find  out,  reperio,  reperire,  repperi,  repertum 


118  LATIN  PROSE  EXERCISES 

first,  primus,  prima,  primum 

five,  quinque 

flee,  fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  fugitum 

flight,  fuga,  fugae,  f. 
fleet,  classis,  classis,  f. 
flight.     See  flee 

follow,  sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum 
follow  closely,  subsequor 
follow  on,  pursue,  Insequor 
follow  up,  overtake,  consequor 
second,  successful,  secundus,  secunda,  secundum 
following,  posterus,  postera,  posterum 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  peditis,  m. 

infantry  (noun),  pedites,  peditum 
infantry  (adj.),  pedester,  pedestris,  pedestre 
extricate,  expedio,  expedire,  expedivi,  expeditum 

light-armed,  expeditus,  expedita,  expeditum 
hinder,  impedio,  impedire,  impedivi,  impeditum 
while  at  a  disadvantage,  impeditus,   impedita,   impedi- 
tum 

baggage,  impedimenta,  impedimentorum,  n. 
for,  enim  (post-positive),  nam 
for  a  long  time.     See  long 
force,  vis,  vis,  f. 

strength,  vires,  virium 
forced  marches.     See  journey 
ford,  vadum,  vadi,  n. 
foresee.     See  see 
fort,  castellum,  castelli,  n. 
fortification,  munitio,  mumtionis,  f. 
fortify,  munio,  munire,  munivi,  munitum 
fortune,  fortuna,  fortunae,  f. 
four,  quattuor, 

fourth,  quartus,  quarta,  quartum 
friendly,  amicus,  arnica,  amicum 
friend,  amicus,  amici,  m. 
friendship,  amicitia,  amicitiae,  f. 


VOCABULARY  119 

from,  by,  ab  (with  Abl.) 
from,  out  of,  ex  (with  Abl.) 
from  all  sides,  undique 

gain,  gain  control  of,  potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum 

garrison.     See  protection 

gate,  porta,  portae,  f. 

gather.     See  drive 

general.     See  leader 

get  ready.     See  prepare 

give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datum 

give  over,  trado 

return  (tr.),  reddo,  reddere,  reddidi,  redditum 

surrender,  dedo 

surrender  (noun),  deditio,  deditionis,  f. 
go,  eo,  ire,  ivi,  or  ii,  itum 

cross,  transeo 

go  into,  enter,  ineo 

beginning,  initium,  initi,  n. 

go  back,  return,  redeo 
go  away.     See  yield 

go  out,  egredior,  egredi,  egressus  sum.     See  also  yield 
good,  bonus,  bona,  bonum 
gradually.     See  a  little 
grain,  frumentum,  frumenti,  n. 

grain  (adj.),  frumentarius,  frumentaria,  frumentarium 

supplies  of  grain,  res  frumentaria 
great,  magnus,  magna,  magnum 

size,  magnitudo,  magnitudinis,  f. 

hand,  manus,  manus,  f. 

troops,  manus,  manuum 
happen,  accidit,  accidere,  accidit 
harass,  lacesso,  lacessere,  lacesslvi,  lacessitum 

provoke  to  battle,  proelio  lacessere 
harbor,  portus,  portus,  m. 
harm,  noceo,  nocere,  nocui,  nocitum 
hasten.     See  struggle 


120  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

have,  consider,  habeo,  habere,  habui,  habitum 

keep  from,  prohibeo,  prohibere,  prohibui,  prohibition 

be  obliged,  ought,  debeo,  debere,  debui,  debitum 
have  influence.     See  be  able  and  be  strong 
hear,  listen  to,  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditum 
heavy,  severe,  gravis,  grave 
height.     See  depth 
hide.     See  throw 
high.     See  deep 
hill,  collis,  collis,  m. 
himself,  themselves,  sui,  sibi 
his,  their,  suus,  sua,  suum 
hither,  citerior,  citerius 
hold,  teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  tenturn 

extend,  pertineo,  pertinere,  pertinui,  pertentum 

keep  back,  retineo 
stay,  se  tenere  (retinere) 

obtain,  obtineo 

surround,  contineo 

withstand,  sustineo 
home.     See  house 
hope,  spero,  1. 
hope,  spes,  spei,  f. 

horn,  wing  of  army,  cornu,  cornus,  n. 
horse,  equus,  equi,  m. 
horseman,  eques,  equitis,  m. 

cavalry  (noun),  equites,  equitum;   equitatus,  equitatus, 

cavalry  (adj,),  equester,  equestris,  equestre 
hostage,  obses,  obsidis,  m. 
hour,  hora,  horae,  f. 
house,  home,  domus,  domus,  f. 
how,  as,  quam 
how  great,  as,  quantus 
however,  moreover,  autem  (post-positive) 
human  being,  man,  homo,  hominis,  m. 

no  one,  nemo,  neminis,  m. 
hundred,  centum 

centurion,  centurio,  centurionis,  m. 


VOCABULARY  121 

if,  si 

if  not,  unless,  nisi 

ill.     See  heavy 

immediately,  statim 

in,  in  (with  Abl.) 

in  behalf  of,  pro  (with  Abl.) 

in  order  that,  that,  so  that,  ut 

in  order  that  .  .  .  not,  that  .  .  .  not,  ne 

in  such  a  manner.     See  so 

in  the  presence  of.     See  among 

infantry.     See  foot-soldier 

influence  (noun).     See  authority  and  popularity 

influence  (verb).     See  lead 

inform.     See  certain 

inhabit,  incolo,  incolere,  incolui,  incultum 

injury,  wrong,  injuria,  injuriae,  f. 

unjustly,  injuria 
into,  in  (with  Ace.) 
island,  insula,  insulae,  f. 

javelin,  pilum,  pill,  n. 

join.     See  send 

journey,  road,  march,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

forced  march,  magnum  iter 

march  (verb),  iter  facere 
judge,  judico,  1. 
judgment.     See  plan 
justly.     See  right 

keep.     See  hold 

keep  from.     See  have 

kill,  occido,  occidere,  occidi,  occisum.     Also  see  make 

kindness.     See  make 

king,  rex,  regis,  m. 

kingdom,  royal  power,  regnum,  regni,  n. 

kinsman,  propinquus,  propinqui,  m. 

know,  scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitum — Also  see  learn 


122  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

land,  terra,  terrae,  f. 

large,  amplus,  ampla,  amplum 

later.     See  after 

lay  waste,  populor,  popular!,  populatus  sum 

vasto,  1. 
lead,  consider,  duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum 

lead  across,  traduco 

lead  back,  reduco 

lead  out,  educo 

influence,  adduce 

leader,  commander,  general,  dux,  duels,  m. 
leader,  principal  man,  princeps,  prmcipis,  m. 
learn,  cognosce,  cognoscere,  cognovi,  cognitum 

know,  cognovi 

leave,  relinquo,  relinquere,  reliqui,  relictum 
legion,  legio,  legionis,  f. 
less.     See  small 
letter,  litterae,  litterarum,  f. 
liberty,  Hbertas,  libertatis,  f. 
lieutenant.     See  ambassador 
light,  daylight,  lux,  lucis,  f. 

at  daybreak,  prima  luce 
light-armed.     See  foot 
line  of  battle,  acies,  aciei,  f. 
line  of  march,  agmen,  agminis,  n. 

rear,  novissimum  agmen 
listen  to.     See  hear 
long,  for  a  long  time,  diu 
long  (adj.),  longus,  longa,  longum 

magistrate,  magistratus,  magistrates,  m. 
make,  do,  facio,  facere,  feel,  factum 

be  made,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum 

bring  about,  efficio,  enlcere,  effeci,  effectum 
perficio 

bring  to  an  end,  accomplish,  exhaust,  conficio 

building,  aedificium,  aedifici,  n, 

duty,  oflicium,  offici,  n. 


VOCABULARY  123 

kill,  interficio 

kindness,  beneficium,  beneficl,  n. 

put  at  head  of,  praeficio 

repair,  reficio 

make  firm,  assert,  confirmo,  1. 
man,  vir,  viri,  m.     Also  see  human  being 
many,  much,  multus,  multa,  multum 

number,  multitude,  multitudinis,  f. 
march.    See  journey 
marshal.     See  arrange 
meanwhile,  interdum 
interea 
interim 

meet,  occurro,  occurrere,  occurrl 
meeting,  concilium,  concili,  n. 
memory,  memoria,  memoriae,  f. 
messenger.     See  announce 
middle,  medius,  media,  medium 
mile.     See  pace 
military.     See  soldier 
mind,  animus,  amimi,  m. 
month,  mensis,  mensis,  m. 
moreover.     See  however 
mound,  tumulus,  tumuli,  m. 
mountain,  mons,  mentis,  m. 
move,  break  (camp),  moveo,  movere,  movi,  motum 

move  deeply,  excite,  permoveo 
much.     See  many 

name,  nomen,  nominis,  n. 

narrow,  angustus,  angusta,  angustum 

narrow  pass,  angustiae,  angustiarum,  f. 
nature,  natura,  naturae,  f. 
near  (prep.),  ad  (with  Ace.) 

propter  (with  Ace.) 

near  (adv.),  prope.  Adj.  propior,  proximus 
neighboring,  finitimus,  finitima,  finitimum 
neither  .  .  nor.  See  and  .  .  not 


124  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

nevertheless,  tamen 

new,  novus,  nova,  novum 

change  of  government,  novae  res 
night,  nox,  noctis,  f. 
nine,  novem 
no.     See  any 

no  one.     See  human  being 
nobles,  nobiles,  nobilium,  n. 
not,  non 

not  .  .  .  even,  ne  .  »  .  quidem 
nothing,  nihil 
number,  numerus,  numeri,  m.    Also  see  many 

obtain.     See  hold 

obtain  request,  impetrd,  1. 

often,  saepe 

old,  vetus,  veteris 

on.     See  in 

on  account  of,  because  of,  propter  (with  Ace.) 

one,  unus,  una,  unum 

one  each,  singuli,  singulae,  singula 

only.     See  alone 

opinion,  opinio,  opinionis,  f. 

opportunity,  facultas,  facultatis,  f. 

or,  aut 

either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut 
order,  jubeo,  jubere,  jussi,  jussum 
order,  rank,  ordo,  ordinis,  m. 
other  (of  two),  alter,  altera,  alterum 
other.     See  another 
ought.     See  be  obliged 
our,  noster,  nostra,  nostrum 
out  of.     See  from 
overtake.     See  follow  up 

overpower,  opprimo,  opprimere,  oppress!,  oppressum 
premo,  premere,  pressi,  pressum 

pace,  passus,  passus,  m 
mile,  mille  passus 
miles,  milia  passuum 


VOCABULARY  125 

part,  direction,  pars,  partis,  f. 
past,  praeter  (with  Ace.) 
peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 

subdue,  paco,  1. 
people,  populus,  populi,  m. 
perceive,  sentio,  sentire,  sensi,  sensum 
permit,  patior,  pati,  passus  sum.    See  also  send 
perpetual,  unbroken,  perpetuus,  perpetua,  perpetuum 
persuade,  persuaded,  persuadere,  persuasi,  persuasum 
pitch.     See  put 

place,  locus,  loci,  m.     PL,  loca 
place  together,  station,  colloco,  1. 
plan,  judgment,  consilium,  consili,  n. 
pleading.     See  entreat 
point  out,  demonstro,  1.    See  also  show 
popularity,  influence,  gratia,  gratiae,  f. 
power,  potestas,  potestatis,  f. 
prepare,  get  ready,  paro,  1. 

ready,  paratus,  parata,  paratum 

prepare  for,  comparo,  1. 
principal  man.     See  leader 
prisoner.     See  take 

promise,  polliceor,  polliceri,  pollicitus  sum 
promptly,  confestim 

protection,  garrison,  praesidium,  praesidi,  n. 
protection,  fides,  fidei,  f. 
provide  for,  arrange  for,  euro,  1. 
provide  for.     See  see 
province,  provincia,  provinciae,  f. 
provoke  to  battle.     See  harass 
pursue.     See  follow 
put,  pitch  (camp),  pono,  ponere,  posui,  positum 

state,  propono 

quaestor,  quaestor,  quaestoris,  m. 
quickly,  celeriter 

raise.     See  take  away 


126  LATIN  PROSE   EXERCISES 

rampart,  agger,  aggeris,  m. 

vallum,  valli,  n. 

distance,  intervallum,  intervalli,  n. 
rank.     See  order 
reach.     See  come*" 
ready.     See  prepare 
rear.     See  line  of  march 
reason,  causa,  causae,  f. 
ratio,  rationis,  f. 
receive.     See  take 
reckless,  audax,  audacis 
reinforcements.     See  assistance 
remain,  maneo,  manere,  mansi,  mansum 

remaneo 

remaining,  rest  of,  reliquus,  reliqua,  reliquum 
repair.     See  make 
report.     See  bring  and  announce 
resist,  resisto,  resistere,  restiti 
rest,  rest  of.     See  remaining 
retreat.     See  yield,  take,  and  turn 
return  (int.).     See  turn  and  go 
return  (tr.).     See  give 
reward,  praemium,  praerni,  n. 
ridge.     See  yoke 

right  (adj.),  dexter,  dextra,  dextrum 
right  (noun),  jus,  juris,  n. 

justly,  jure 

river,  flumen,  fluminis,  n. 
road,  via,  viae,  f.    See  also  journey 
royal  power.     See  kingdom 
rumor,  rumor,  rumoris,  m. 

safety,  salus,  salutis,  f. 

sally,  eruptio,  eruptionis,  f. 

same,  idem,  eadem,  idem 

say,  dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictum 

scarcity,  inopia,  inopiae,  f. 

scout,  explorator,  exploratoris,  m. 


VOCABULARY  127 

sea,  mare,  mar  is,  n. 

sea-coast,  maritimus,  maritima,  maritimum 
second,  successful.     See  follow 
see,  video,  videre,  vidi,  visum 

seem,  videor,  videri,  visus  sum 
foresee,  provide  for,  provided 

see  clearly,  perspicio,  perspicere,  perspexi,  perspectum 
seek.     See  ask 
seem.     See  see 
seize.     See  take 
self,  very,  ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum 
senate,  senatus,  senatus,  m. 
send,  mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum 
send  ahead,  praemitto 
send  away,  dimitto 
send  back,  remitto 
join  (battle),  committo 
permit,  yield  (tr.),  permitto 
stop,  intermitto 

separate,  divide,  dividere,  divisi,  divisum 
set  out,  proficiscor,  proficisci,  profectus  sum 

departure,  profectio,  profectionis,  f. 
seven,  septem   . 
severe.     See  heavy 
sharp,  acer,  acris,  acre 

fiercely,  acriter 
shed,  vinea,  vineae,  f. 
shield,  scutum,  scuti,  n. 
ship,  navis,  navis,  f. 
short,  brevis,  breve 
shout,  clamor,  clamoris,  m. 

show,  point  out,  ostendo,  ostendere,  ostendi,  ostentum 
sick,  aeger,  aegra,  aegrum 

with  difficulty,  aegerrime 
side,  latus,  lateris,  n. 
siege,  obsidio,  obsidionis,  f. 
sign,  signal,  standard,  signum,  signi,  n. 
since,  cum 


128  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

six,  sex 

sixth,  sextus,  sexta,  sextum 

size.     See  great 

skilled,  peritus,  perita,  peritum 

slavery,  servitus,  servitutis,  f. 

small,  parvus,  parva,  parvum 

less,  minus 

so,  in  such  a  manner,  ita 
sic 

so,  tarn 

so  great,  so  much,  tantus,  tanta,  tantum 
so  that.     See  in  order  that 
soldier,  miles,  militis,  m. 

military,  militaris,  militare 

military  tactics,  res  militaris 
some,  aliquis,  aliquid 
speak,  loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum 

confer,  colloquor 

conference,  colloquium,  colloqui,  n. 
speed,  celeritas,  celeritatis,  f. 
standard.     See  sign 
state,  civitas,  civitatis,  f. 
state  (verb).     See  put 
station.     See  place  together, 
stay.     See  hold 

stop,  desisto,  desistere,  destiti,  destitum.     Also  see  send 
strength.     See  force 

struggle,  hasten,  contends,  contendere,  contendl,  contentum 
subdue.     See  peace 
successful.     See  follow 
suitable,  idoneus,  idonea,  idoneum 
suitable  for  burden,  onerarius,  oneraria,  onerarium 

transport,  navis  oneraria 
summer,  aestas,  aestatis,  f. 
summon.     See. call  together 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 

east,  sol  oriens 
supplies,  commeatus,  commeatus,  m 


VOCABULARY  129 

supplies  of  grain.     See  grain, 
supply,  copia,  copiae,  f. 

troops,  copiae,  copiarum 
surrender.     See  give 
surround.     See  hold 
swamp,  palus,  paludis,  f . 
sword,  gladius,  gladi,  m. 

take,  sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sumptum 
take,  seize,  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum 

prisoner,  captivus,  captivi,  m. 

receive,  accipio,  accipere,  accepi,  acceptum 

take  back,  recipio 

retreat,  se  recipere 
take  away.     See  bring 
take  by  storm.     See  fight 

take  one's  stand,  consists,  consistere,  constiti 
take  possession  of,  occupo,  1. 
tell.     See  certain 
ten,  decem 

tenth,  decimus,  decima,  decimum 
terrify  thoroughly,  demoralize,  perterreo,  perterrere,  perterrui, 

perterritum 
territory.     See  boundary 
testudo,  testudo,  testudinis,  f. 
than,  as,  quam 
that,  ille,  ilia,  illud 

is,  ea,  id 

that  (rel.  pro.).     See  who 
that  .  .  .  not.     See  in  order  that  .  .  .  not 
their.     See  his 
themselves.     See  himself 
then,  turn 
thence,  inde 
there,  ibi 
think,  existimo,  1. 

puto,  1. 
third,  tertius,  tertia,  tertium 


130  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

thirty,  triginta 

this,  hie,  haec,  hoc 

three,  tres,  tria 

three  days,  triduum,  tridui,  n. 

three-fold,  triplex,  triplicis 

throw,  jacio,  jacere,  jeci,  jactum 

throw,  drive  back,  reicio,  reicere,   rejeci,  rejectum 

hide,  conicio 

throw  into  confusion,  perturbo,  1. 
through,  per  (with  Ace.) 
time,  tempus,  temporis,  n. 
to,  toward,  near,  ad  (with  Ace.) 
too.     See  also 

top  of,  summus,  summa,  summum 
torture,  cruciatus,  cruciatus,  m. 
tower,  turns,  turris,  f. 
town,  oppidum,  oppidi,  n. 
training.     See  army 
transport.     See  suitable  for  burden 
tribe,  genus,  generis,  n. 
natio,  nationis,  f. 
tribune,  tribunus  militum 
troops.     See  supply  and  hand 
ture,  verus,  vera,  verum 
trumpet,  tuba,  tubae,  f. 
try,  conor,  conari,  conatus  sum 
turn,  verto,  vertere,  verti,  versum 

retreat,  terga  vertere 

return,  revertor,  reverti,  revert!,  reversum 

turn  about,  change,  converto 
twenty,  viginti 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo 
two  days,  biduum,  bidui,  n. 
two-fold,  duplex,  duplicis 
two  hundred,  ducenti,  ducentae,  ducenta 

unbroken.    See  perpetual 
under,  sub  (with  Ace.  and  Abl.) 


VOCABULARY  131 

understand,  intellego,  intellegere,  intellexi  intellectum 

undertake.     See  arrange 

unharmed,  incolumis,  incolume 

unjustly.     See  injury 

unless.     See  if  ...  not 

until.     See  while 

unwilling,  invitus,  invita,  invitum 

urge,  cohortor,  1 

hortor,  1. 
use,  utor,  uti,  usus  sum 

experience,  usus,  usus,  m. 

valley,  valles ,  vallis,  f . 

valor,  virtus,  virtutis,  f. 

very.     See  self 

very  many,  complures,  complurium 

plerique,  pleraeque,  pleraque 
victor,  victor,  victoris,  m. 

victory,  victoria,  victoriae,  f. 
village,  vicus,  vici,  m. 
voice,  vox,  vocis,  f. 
voluntarily,  ultro 

(sua)  sponte 

wage.    See  carry  on  and  bring 

wait,  await,  exspecto,  1. 

wall,  murus,  muri,  m. 

wander,  vagor,  vagari,  vagatus  sum 

war,  bellum,  belli,  n. 

watch,  vigilia,  vigiliae,  f. 

way.     See  reason 

weapon,  telum,  tell,  n. 

when,  cum 

ubi,  ut 

which  (of  two),  uter,  utra,  utrum 
while,  until,  as  long  as,  dum 
who,  which,  that  (rel.),  qui,  quae,  quod 
who,  which,  what  (int.),  quis,  quid 


132  LATIN   PROSE   EXERCISES 

whoever,  quicumque,  quaecumque,  quodcumque 
whole,  all,  totus,  tota,  totum 
why,  cur 
quid 
wide,  latus,  lata,  latum 

width,  latitude,  latitudinis,  f. 
wind,  ventus,  venti,  m. 
wing  (of  army).     See  horn 
winter  (noun),  hiems,  hiemis,  f. 

winter  (verb),  hiemo,  1. 

winter  quarters,  hiberna,  hibernorum,  n. 
wish,  be  willing,  void,  velle,  volui 

be  unwilling,  nolo,  nolle,  nolui 

wish,  consent,  voluntas,  voluntatis,  f. 
with,  cum  (with  Abl.) 
within,  intra  (with  Ace.) 
without,  sine  (with  Abl.) 
withstand.     See  hold 
woman,  mulier,  mulieris,  f. 
wood,  silva,  silvae,  f. 
work,  opus,  operis,  n. 
wound  (noun),  vulnus,  vulneris,  n. 

wound  (verb),  vulnero,  1. 
wrong.     See  injury 

year,  annus,  anni,  m. 

yield  (tr.).     See  send 

yield  (int.),  retreat,  cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum 

go  out,  excedo 

go  away,  discedo 

it  is  added,  accedit 
yoke,  ridge,  jugum,  jugi,  n. 

zeal.     See  be  eager 


UNIVEESITY   OF    CALIFOENIA   LIBEAEY, 
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APR   23  1931 


75m-7,'30 


